The Church's Healing Ministry. David Atkinson
the statement of faith includes: ‘We believe that deliverance from sickness, by Divine Healing, is provided for in the Atonement.’ They, too, offer services of divine healing on a regular basis. The local Reformed church, by contrast, believes that the age of miracles lasted while there were apostles, but has long since passed away, and that contemporary claims to miracles are misguided at best, and possibly of the devil. An Anglican church in the suburbs is more sedate. There is an occasional service of healing, but the context is the liturgy of the Eucharist, laying on of hands and anointing with oil, and a formal prayer.
People find it comforting to be part of a service, and some attend regularly for a sort of spiritual pick-me-up, but not many people talk about miracles. A little miracle happened, however, in one woman’s lounge when a friend was praying for her, and unexpectedly she felt a significant change for the better had occurred within her body, which the doctor subsequently confirmed. So was this a ‘gift of healing’?
There is the Christian doctor who believes that the restoration of God’s image is spiritual and not physical, as death is inevitable, and that the priorities of the gospel are eternal salvation, not temporary respite for ailing bodies. We should not therefore, in his view, put our faith in miraculous cures. His perspective would be that we should look to the doctor for health in our bodies, and to the Church for help with our souls. On the other hand, there is the Christian health worker who wonders how Christian healing relates to the increasingly technological approach to medicine in many of our hospitals. What are we doing when we use sophisticated scanners and dialysis machines? What do we think of medical technology when we are faced with incurable conditions, and what does that do to our view of human vulnerability in the face of disease?
The health centre has a counselling agency staffed by Christians. They are seeking to express their faith through their professional work, and look with suspicion at the new Christian counselling agency that has opened in a local Methodist church hall. But what is ‘Christian’ counselling, and how does it relate to the accredited work of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy? And what is to be made of the change of attitude among many Christians in recent years concerning such therapies as osteopathy and acupuncture? A generation ago these were suspect; now, for many people, they seem routine.
Three decades ago, a young Christian family doctor called James Casson was diagnosed with a terminal illness, and he wrote of his experiences of dying in a small booklet entitled Dying: The Greatest Adventure of My Life.[1] He wrote of the practical problems of dealing with cancer, he wrote of Christian hope, and he included a section on divine healing. In a measured way he argued that the medical profession should be more open to the healing love of God, but described his own ‘healing’ in terms of emotional strength when he was very depressed, and specific answers to prayer over some more distressing symptoms that he was sure were psychosomatic in origin:
Release came with the realization that the whole issue was out of my hands . . . the great joy was that the Lord was at the tiller, his face gently smiling and his eyes twinkling as he quietly guided me to my destination. Was I healed? Yes, I believe I was.
So it is clear that what is described as the Church’s ‘ministry of healing’ covers a very wide range, and over the centuries it has covered most of the emphases given in the above paragraphs. It includes the Church’s commitment to medical care and its own specific ministry of sacramental healing through prayer and anointing, as well as more informal approaches. The Church has been involved in the founding of hospitals: there was one founded by St Basil in the fourth century; the Augustinian canons founded St Thomas’ Hospital in London in the twelfth century. St Christopher’s pioneer hospice was established in Sydenham in 1967. The Church has also contributed to the training of doctors and the setting up of medical missions. In addition, the Church’s pastoral ministry includes a strong interest in counselling and psychotherapy and there are a number of Christian agencies for counselling. This includes pastoral care for individuals, along with a social commitment to the health of the wider community. This is not to say, however, that the Church’s role in the ministry of healing has been consistent. In different places, at different times, in different Christian denominations, the emphasis placed on healing has been very varied.
On the one hand, some parts of the Christian Church seem to have abandoned any interest in healing ministry, operating with a split view of a person that leaves healing to the medical profession while the Church concentrates on preaching the gospel for the salvation of the soul. I shall argue that this split view does not do justice to the New Testament image of people. On the other hand, parts of the Christian Church have become so absorbed with healing ministries of different sorts that they give the impression that health is a sort of commodity that can be accessed if only we say the right prayers, or do the right liturgical actions. This mechanizes health in a way that the Bible does not, and if unchecked can lead to an idolatry of health. It can also raise wholly unrealistic expectations of the miraculous healing of all disease, which can do considerable harm.
This book attempts to chart a course between different viewpoints, guided by the overall theme that the Church’s pastoral ministry is given its meaning by, and caught up into, the ministry of Jesus. We will focus on the Church’s healing ministry in its broadest sense, and the fact of pain, suffering and continuing ill health will obviously need to be part of the story. We shall discuss Christian pastoral counselling, some of the values that underlie pastoral care, and concentrate in Chapter 4 on ministry with people who are particularly vulnerable because of abuse they have suffered. We conclude by looking at the relationship between health and salvation, and explore the sacramental ministry of prayer and anointing. So our purpose is to offer some theological reflections on Christian pastoral care in relation to the question of health. For underneath all this is the question of what is meant by ‘health’.
What is health?
The word for ‘good health’, used in the prayer in the Third Letter of John, also means ‘wholesome’ and ‘sound’: ‘Beloved, I pray that all may go well with you and that you may be in good health, just as it is well with your soul’ (3 John 2). So what does ‘good health’ mean?
One famous, or notorious, definition of health was offered by the World Health Organization: ‘Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not simply the absence of illness and disease.’ This is both too limited and too broad. It is too limited in that it makes no reference to a person’s spiritual progress as part of the meaning of health, and in that it concentrates on a ‘state’ of well-being, whereas human life is a constantly changing journey. But it is also too broad in failing to recognize the inevitability of ageing and death, and offers too utopian a vision of life without pain, and no recognition of the redemptive possibilities that suffering can sometimes bring. More simply, and more satisfactorily, the theologian Jürgen Moltmann suggests that health is ‘the strength to be human’. His conclusion is worth quoting:
If we understand health as the strength to be human, then we make being human more important than the state of being healthy. Health is not the meaning of human life. On the contrary, a person has to prove the meaning he has found in his own life in conditions of health and sickness. Only what can stand up to both health and sickness, and ultimately to living and dying, can count as a valid definition of what it means to be human.[2]
Disease, illness and sickness
Some people understand health mostly in relation to disease: an objective condition concerned with those parts of our bodies that are not functioning properly. I visited Zambia with Christian Aid a few years ago, and met a woman, Theresa, in her late twenties, sitting on the floor of her small mud house. Her body was desperately weak through contracting the HIV virus via a blood transfusion. Her ‘lack of health’ was in large part due to the intrusion of a virus into her bloodstream. If health is the absence of disease, then healing becomes restoring proper functioning to an organ, or to the body as a whole. For Theresa it might have meant anti-retro-viral drugs, until something better was discovered – if she could afford them that is, and if there was nursing care available to help her take the medication.
Others understand health as the absence of illness: this is a more subjective word. When I feel ill, it may be the result of some disease, or it may come from more complicated emotional factors such as