The Dialectical Imagination. Martin Jay
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THE
DIALECTICAL
IMAGINATION
THE
DIALECTICAL
IMAGINATION
A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research 1923–1950
MARTIN JAY
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press, Ltd.
London, England
Copyright © 1973 by Martin Jay
Preface copyright © 1996 by Martin Jay
First California Paperback 1996
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Jay, Martin, 1944–
The dialectical imagination: a history of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research. 1923–1950 / Martin Jay.
p. cm.—(Weimar and now; 10)
Originally published: Boston: Little, Brown, 1973.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-520-20423-2 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Institut für Sozialforschung (Frankfurt am Main, Germany)— History. 2. Social sciences—Research—United States.
3. Frankfurt school of sociology. I. Title. II. Series.
H62.J37 1996 95-37290
300′. 720434164—dc20 CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The author is grateful for permission to quote from the following previously copyrighted works:
The Authoritarian Personality by T. W. Adorno et al. Quotations from pages vii, ix, 15, 18, 111, 176, 228, 359, 371, 671, 676, 747, 759 and 976. Published by Harper & Row, 1950. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Prisms by Theodor W. Adorno. Published by Neville Spearman Limited, 1967, London. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Illuminations by Walter Benjamin, edited with an introduction by Hannah Arendt. Translated by Harry Zohn. Published by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Copyright © 1955 by Suhrkamp Verlag. Translation Copyright © 1968 by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Politics, Law and Social Change: Selected Essays of Kirchheimer edited by Frederic S. Burin and Kurt L. Shell. Quotations from pages 15, 32, 79, 86 and xvi published by Columbia University Press. Copyright © 1969 by Columbia University Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher. Material reprinted from pages 93, 99, 108, 131, 155, 158–9 of this volume was originally published on pages 264–289 and 456–475 of Studies in Philosophy and Social Science, IX (1941), a periodical formerly published by the Institute of Social Research. These excerpts are used here by permission of the former editor of this publication, Professor Max Horkheimer.
The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930–1960, Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, eds., Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969, pages 286, 301, 325, 341, 343, 361 and 363. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Escape from Freedom by Erich Fromm. Published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., New York. Published as The Fear of Freedom by Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1942. Copyright 1941 © 1969 by Erich Fromm. Reprinted by permission of the publishers.
Dämmerung by Max Horkheimer under the pseudonym Heinrich Regius. Published by Oprecht and Helbling in Zurich, Switzerland in 1934. Reprinted by permission of the author.
The Eclipse of Reason by Max Horkheimer. Published by Oxford University Press. Copyright 1947 by Oxford University Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Literature and the Image of Man by Leo Lowenthal. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1957 by Leo Lowenthal. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Eros and Civilization by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1955 by the Beacon Press. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Negations by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright © 1968 by Herbert Marcuse. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
Reason and Revolution by Herbert Marcuse. Published by Beacon Press. Copyright 1941 by Oxford University Press, New York, Inc. Second edition Copyright 1954 by Humanities Press, Inc. Preface, “A Note on Dialectic” Copyright © 1960 by Herbert Marcuse. Reprinted by permission of Humanities Press, Inc.
Behemoth by Franz Neumann. Published by Octagon Books, a sub-division of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc. Copyright 1942, 1944 by Oxford University Press, New York, Inc. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
The Democratic and the Authoritarian State by Franz Neumann. Published by The Macmillan Company. Copyright © 1957 by The Free Press, a Corporation. Reprinted by permission of the publisher.
A portion of the second chapter of this volume has appeared in The Unknown Dimension: European Marxism since Lenin, edited by Dick Howard and Karl Klare. Published by Basic Books. Copyright © 1972 by Basic Books. It is reprinted here by permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
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12 11 10 9 8
The paper used in this publication is both acid-free and totally chlorine-free (TCF). It meets the minimum requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (R 1997) (Permanence of Paper).
To my parents, Edward and Sari Jay
Contents
1. The Creation of the Institut für Sozialforschung and Its First Frankfurt Years
2. The Genesis of Critical Theory
3. The Integration of Psychoanalysis
4. The Institut’s First Studies of Authority
5. The Institut’s Analysis of Nazism
6. Aesthetic Theory and the Critique of Mass Culture
7. The Empirical Work of the Institut in the 1940’s
8. Toward a Philosophy of History: The Critique of the Enlightenment