Occupation Without Troops. Glenn Davis
tion>
AN
OCCUPATION
WITHOUT
TROOPS
This Work is dedicated
to the memory of
John Gaither Roberts
Chapter 1 originally appeared as "The Rebirth of Japan's Zaibatsu," by John G. Roberts, in Insight: Asia's Business Monthly, July 1978.
Chapters 2 and 3 originally appeared as "The 'Japan Crowd' and the Zaibatsu Restoration," by John G. Roberts, in The Japan Interpreter, 3-4, vol. 12, summer 1979; and "America and the Making of Japan Inc.," by John G. Roberts, in The Nation, February 13,1982.
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© 1996 by YENBOOKS
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LCC Card No. 96-60932
ISBN: 978-1-4629-0370-2 (ebook)
First edition, 1996
Printed in Japan
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Just a Friendly Visit / The Stuff of Textbooks / The Rise of a Journalist / A Volatile Background / Enter the Postwar Period / Just a Friendly Dinner / Anti-Communism Flourishes
CHAPTER 2
The American Council on Japan 51
The American Council on Japan / The Japan Lobby / Power of the Media / MacArthur Loses a War of Words / The American Council on Japan Takes Shape / The Right Connections / The ACJ in Action
CHAPTER 3
The Emperor's Message / A Conduit to the Emperor / The ACJ Peaks Out / Contrary to the Popular Will / Doling Out "Candy" / The ACJ Vanishes
CHAPTER 4
The House of Pearls / A Self-Made Man? / The House of Pearls as Cover / Operation Marigold / Ties to Tungsten / The CIA Is Born / From Pearl Merchant to Shipping Tycoon / Living in the Shadows / Dedicated to Nisei
CHAPTER 5
The Selling of Kishi / Far to the Right / The Southeast Asian Connection / Kishi's Three Missions / Kishi's ACJ Preening / Direct Links to the Middle East / The Four K's / Triangular Linkups
CHAPTER 6
The Oily CFR Angle / Big Business Support / The Roots of Power / Fingers in the Occupation Pie / Focus on Crushing Communism / "Cultural Exchange" Programs
CHAPTER 7
EnterPrivate Diplomacy / The MRAComes Calling / ABold.Young Leader Appears / The CFR Connection / Yamamoto's Connections / A Trilateral Supporter / Yamamoto's Role
CHAPTER 8
Japan Returns to Asia / The Rise of the "Real" Leaders / Clamoring for Independence / The Clamor Grows Louder / The ACJ's Legacy / Who Was Harry?
1. The Emperor's Message 215
2. (a) Letter from Harry Kern to Tadashi Yamamoto 217 (b) Letter from John Roberts to Tsutomu Kano 220
3. Memorandum from Douglas MacArthur 224
4. Brief History of the Council on Foreign Relations 227
5. Chronology: The American Council on Japan 229
6. Wisner's Wurlitzer and the American Council on Japan (Ca.late1940s) 236
7. Nobusuke Kishi's Power Base 240
PHOTOGRAPHS follow page 128
Acknowledgments
This work came together over a twenty-year period of researching how the elites of the United States and Japan interact. So many people helped in the research it would be impossible to mention them all here.
Much first-hand knowledge about the reclusive, semi-secret American Council on Japan was provided by those who either participated directly in the group or who were connected with its activities. One ACJ participant, Takeshi Watanabe, pointed out mistakes and incorrect conclusions in our manuscript, and even provided copies of personal letters to and from Kay Sugahara, which helped our research immensely. Although not involved directly in the ACJ, ex-diplomat Toshiro "Henry" Shimanouchi also provided letters and photos. We are grateful to both men for their invaluable assistance.
In the latter part of the story, which deals with private diplomacy and the activities of semi-secret groups such as the Trilateral Commission and the Council on Foreign Relations, we are grateful to Tadashi Yamamoto for his patience and understanding. Although basically disagreeing with our analysis, Yamamoto San was big-9 hearted and liberal enough to read our manuscript, adding his comments and criticisms. He also provided photos from a TLC meeting in Tokyo, all of which added a great deal to the accuracy of our text on his Japan Center for International Exchange.
We would especially like to thank several professors in both countries for their assistance and support; Marius Jansen, Chalmers Johnson, Michael Schaller, Herbert Bix, and Eiichi Shindo. John Roberts' old friend and pen pal Howard Schonberger, the late professor from the University of Maine, did much of the groundbreaking research on the ACJ and should be so credited. He gracefully shared his research with us and for that we are grateful.
Many discoveries about the ACJ and its nefarious activities resulted from conversations with fellow journalists at the Foreign Correspondents Club of Japan over the years. We would like to thank Robert Whiting, Greg Davis, Dennis Holden, Tim Porter, Murray Sayle, Peter