Occupation Without Troops. Glenn Davis
for helping save the Emperor System. Another of the ACJ's inner circle, although some historians argue he was the epicenter of the group.
John F. Dulles (1888-1959)
Secretary of State between 1953 and 1959, whose influence was used by the ACJ to further their political aims. A strident anti-communist, Dulles attended Harry Kem's private dinner in Tokyo in June 1950, just days before the outbreak of the Korean War.
Takeo Fukuda (1905-95)
Prime minister of Japan between 1976 and 1978. Fukuda, an ultra-conservative and pro-American faction leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, was very close to Harry Kern and sympathized with the aims of the ACJ.
Joseph C. Grew (1880-1965)
U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1932 through 1941, when the Pacific War broke out after Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After the war, Grew was one of the central figures of the ACJ, working out of the State Department.
Adrian Khasshoggi (1935-)
Influential Middle East merchant and arms dealer who acted as advisor to the Saudi Arabian royal family. Fervently anti-communist, the U.S.-educated Khasshoggi contributed heavily to Richard M. Nixon's 1972 re-election campaign for president. Very involved in Japan and South Korea, Khasshoggi acted as one of Harry Kern's prime sources of information on Middle Eastern events.
James Lee Kauffman (1886-1968)
An American lawyer who taught at Tokyo Imperial University before the war and later became a key figure of the ACJ's inner circle of policy and decision makers. He was also decorated by the Japanese government, presumably for his efforts to preserve the Emperor System.
Harry F. Kern (1913-96)
The central figure in the ACJ, the lobbying group of Americans and Japanese which reversed the democratic reforms of the Occupation. War/Foreign editor of Newsweek who went on to publish his own journal on Middle Eastern affairs for wealthy businessmen and governments called Foreign Reports. Member of Rockefeller dominated Council on Foreign Relations.
Nobusuke Kishi (1896-1987)
The ACJ's point man inside the Japanese political system. Former A-Class war criminal who went on to become prime minister in 1957 and was responsible for much reactionary legislation until being pushed out of office in 1960 by massive demonstrations by leftist students. Kishi sacrificed his political career to extend the U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty.
Yasumasa Matsudaira (1893-1957)
A former marquis and brother-in-law of the head of the Mitsui family who had served as Grand Master of Ceremonies in the Imperial Court. He had participated in the major decisions of World War II and was a very useful pipeline to the imperial court that the ACJ manipulated to carry off the coup of passing around the Emperor's Message. Matsudaira was a participant in Harry Kern's dinner party for J.F. Dulles just before the Korean War broke out.
General Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964)
World War II hero who was assigned the task of leading the Occupation forces as Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers. He became the target of the ACJ for his steadfastness in carrying out democratic reforms, which were weakening the old guard and financial cliques. MacArthur was fired by President Truman in 1950 for insubordination, an act which deeply shocked the Japanese who did not realize it was possible for a general to be fired.
Compton Pakenham (1893-1957)
Newsweek Tokyo Bureau Chief who spent much of his time introducing leading Japanese to Harry Kern. Always careful to protect the identity of his Japanese sources in his dispatches and letters, Pakenham was a regular visitor with high officials at the Imperial Palace, the Ministry of Finance, the Foreign Ministry, and the rural police. He became the English teacher of Nobusuke Kishi and was at the very center of Kern's circle of friends.
Renzo Sawada (1888-1970)
Also present at the pivotal pre-Korean War dinner party in late June 1950. Diplomat Sawada was a Christian convert who had married a daughter of the Mitsubishi mibatsu (financial clique). He later became Japan's envoy to the United Nations. Although a minor player, Sawada was nonetheless important to the aims of the ACJ in Japan.
Kay Sugahara (1909-88)
Former OSS officer who formed the House of Pearls where the Japan Lobby began as the guns of World War II fell silent in the Pacific in August 1945. Known as the "nisei Onassis," Sugahara struck it rich in tungsten trading and later in the shipping business. He was a key player in the ACJ with his good friend Eugene Dooman.
Takeshi Watanabe (1906-)
Grandson of a former finance minister who became liaison between American Occupation officials and the Finance Ministry. Watanabe served as director of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank before being elected as president of the Asian Development Bank. He was very close to David Rockefeller and played a key role on the Japanese side of the Trilateral Commission. The ninety-year-old former diplomat sometimes gives speeches on the Occupation period and bilateral relations.
Tadashi Yamamoto (1936-)
President of the Japan Center for International Exchange, a private diplomacy group in Tokyo. The JCIE maintains very strong connections with U.S. foundations, especially those supported by the Rockefellers. Yamamoto has played a behind-the-scenes role in postwar private diplomacy with such groups as the Trilateral Commission, the Shimoda Conferences, etc. This "stage-setter," as he prefers to be called, is still working fervently to promote Japan-U.S. ties from behind-the-scenes.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
* U.S. government-related groups
| ACT | American Council on Japan |
| ADB | Asian Development Bank |
| AMPO | Japanese abbreviation for U.S.-Japan Mutual Security Treaty |
| APACL | Asian Peoples' Anti-Communist League |
| AT&T | American Telephone and Telegraph Company |
| CANDY | Counterpart Special Fund Account |
| CBI theater | China-Burma-India, during World War II |
| CFR | Council on Foreign Relations* |
| CIA | Central Intelligence Agcncy* |
| CIC | Counterintelligence Corps* |
| FEC | Far East Commission, FEC-230 was one of its directives* |
| FIC | Foreign Investment Council |
| GS | Government Section of SCAP |
| G-2 | Intelligence Section of SCAP |
| HCLC | Holding Company Liquidation Commission |
| IMF | International Monetary Fund |
| JDB | Japan Development Bank |
| JCIE | Japan Center for International Exchange |
| JCP | japan Communist Party |
| JETRO | Japan External Trade Organization |
| KCIA | Korean Central Intelligence Agency, now called the National Security Planning Agency |
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