Continuing Korean. Ross King

Continuing Korean

bath; bathroom세수(를) 하-wash face이발(을) 하-get a haircut (usually used by males)이발소barbershop이발사barber파마(를) 하-get a perm화장(을) 하-put on one’s makeupUsing Words강의(를) 하-lecture, give a lecture강의lecture (in a regular series or part of a course)강연lecture (a special lecture)말씀(을) 드리-tell someone (humble for 말(을) 하)설명(을) 하 -explain, give an explanation설명explanation선생님은 시험에 대해서 설명하셨습니다.The teacher explained about the exam.약속an appointment; a promise약속(을) 하-make an appointment; promise약속했지요?You promised, right?오후에 약속이 있습니다.I have an appointment in the afternoon.Other식사(를) 하-eat a meal식사를 하셨습니까?Have you eaten?연습(을) 하-practice, do exercises연습practice운전(을) 하-drive, operate a vehicle위험하-be dangerous위험하니까, 천천히 가세요.It’s dangerous, so please slow down.준비preparations준비(를) 하-prepare, make preparations준비가 다 됐습니까?Is everything ready?New VerbsVerbs That Take Objects갈아타-change (transport, lines, etc.)시청에서 갈아타세요.Change [buses/trains] at City Hall.감-wash (hair)머리(를) 감았어요?Did you wash your hair?건너-cross [the street]자，길(을) 건넙시다.OK, let’s cross the street.나누-share, divide나눠서 먹읍시다.Let’s share it [eat it together].낳 -give birth to; have (baby)애기를 낳았어요.She had a baby.놓치 -miss (bus, plane)늦어서 기차를 놓쳤어요.I was late, so I missed the train.모으-gather (it), collect빌리-borrow (use with 한테); rent (a car)도서관에서 책을 빌렸어요.I borrowed a book from the library.만호 씨한테 돈을 빌렸어요.I borrowed money from Manho.LA에 가서 차를 빌릴 거예요.We’re going to go to LA and rent a car.씻 -wash손(을) 씻고 올게요.I’ll just go and wash my hands.어기-break (a promise)약속을 어겼어요.He broke his promise.약속을 잘 지켜요.She’s good at keeping her promises.지키-keep (appointment/promise); abide by, stick toDescriptive and/or Sensory Verbs게으르-be lazy귀찮-be a pain in the neck, be a nuisance, be annoying기쁘-be happy, content뜨거w-be hot to the touch뚱뚱하-be fat, chubby마르-dry up; be/get dry목(이) 마르-be thirsty, feel thirsty목throat배가 고파서 죽겠어요.I’m starving, (lit.: I’m so hungry I could die.)부지런하-be hard-working, diligent속(이) 상하-be distressing; feel distressed슬프-feel sad, sorrowful시원하-be refreshing, reviving; fresh, cool; feel relieved차가w-be cold to the touchIntransitive Verbs (Processive Verbs That Cannot Take Objects)막히-get/be blocked, congested길이 많이 막혔어요.The roads are really congested [with traffic].우-ᄅ-cry, weep웃-smile; laugh

Lesson Notes

16.1. Verbs: The -고 Form

16.1.1. How to Make -고 Forms

The -고 form is a one-shape ending like -지 or -겠-; it is the same regardless of whether it comes after a vowel or a consonant. You have already learned it in part when we covered the -고 싶어요 (wants to do) construction (Lesson Nine).

As seen in Lesson Nine, one-shape endings that begin with voiceless consonants (ᄃ，ᄌ，ㅅ，ᄀ) are all attached to bases in much the same way, so that the -고 form is formed very much like the -지 form.

주의

Here are some rules to help you with the pronunciation of gerunds:

a.	Consonant-base verbs like 들- that end in ᄅ change the final consonant to ᄃ before another consonant, and the ᄃ is pronounced as〔ᄀ〕before ᄀ or〔ㅅ〕before ㅅ.
	들-，듣다 listen	→	듣고 〔드꼬〕;듣지〔드찌〕
b.	Bases that end in ㅅ, ᄍ, ㅅ, or ᄎ change their final consonants to an interim ᄃ.
	벗- removes	→	벗고 (→ 벋고) 〔버꼬〕
	있- there is	→	있고 (→ 읻고) 〔이꼬〕
	찾- seek	→	찾고 (→ 찯고) 〔차꼬〕
	Naturally, this includes all past-tense gerunds:
	-었고 (→ -얻고)〔-어꼬〕
c.	Consonant bases like 구w- broil that end in w change the w to ᆸ before another consonant:
	가까w- be near	→	가깝고 〔가깝꼬〕
	(가까워요)	→	가깝지 〔가깝찌〕
d.	For bases that end with more than one consonant (other than ㄶ and ᆰ — see Rule f below) you pronounce only one of the consonants when you attach an ending that starts with a consonant.
	없- there isn’t	→	없고 (→ 업-고) 〔업꼬〕
	읽- read	→	읽고 (→ 일-고) 〔일꼬〕
			or (→ 익-고) 〔이꼬〕
e.	Bases that end in ᄆ (including ᆱ), ᄂ, (including ㄵ ), and an ᄅ that is a reduction of a cluster (like ᆰ in read above) double a following voiceless consonant.
	신- wear on feet	→	신고 〔신꼬〕
	앉- sit	→	앉고 (→ 안-고) 〔안꼬〕
	젊- be young	→	젊고 (→ 점-고) 〔점꼬〕
f.	Notice how final - 궁 aspirates the following ᆨ in examples like these:
	좋- be good	→	좋고 〔조코〕
	많- be much	→	많고 〔만코〕
	싫- be disliked	→	싫고 〔실코〕
	낳- give birth to	→	낳고 〔나코〕
g.	The ending -고， like -지，is attached to the EXTENDED bases of L-extending vowel verbs.
	파-ᆯ- sell	→	팔고

There are tenseless (plain) -고 forms, made by attaching the ending -고 to the plain base of the verb (가- go: 가고), and past-tense 一고 forms, made by attaching -고 to the past base.

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