Super Soldiers. Jason Inman
of a corps of superagents that the United States will implement. Steve dons his star-spangled costume and does what any young, patriotic man who wanted to save his country in 1941 would have done: He stays stateside and busts up spy rings! Yeah! Wait, what?
There is no exaggeration in my previous paragraph. For the rest of the stories in the very first issue of Captain America, the captain never leaves America. Shocking, I know, as I bet many of you thought he would immediately join the war effort, tying his boots as he leapt into a boat headed for war-torn France. The one problem with that? America didn’t enter World War II until December of 1941, and Cap’s first issue debuted in March of the same year. Nine months early! All notions of Captain America immediately smashing his way into battle must be swept away. Captain America could not fight a war America wasn’t a part of. Even his first encounter with the Red Skull takes place on American soil!
The most interesting thing to note about Steve Rogers in this issue is that he retains his secret identity. Steve joins the Army. He enlists as a lowly private, guarding Army camps around the nation and wearing the biggest-brimmed hat you’ve ever seen this side of basic training. His adventures as Captain America lead him to confront many of the same villain archetypes you would see in any superhero comic of the time. Cap was published during the “Golden Age” of comics, an age kicked off by the creation of Superman in Action Comics #1. The stories back then were simpler; heroes fought gangsters and villains in straightforward tales. One of Captain America’s “Golden Age” stories concerns a man who makes disastrous predictions about the future; another deals with a Nazi assassin known as “The Dictator” with a penchant for chessboards. This Captain America was more superhero than soldier. Soldier was his day job. If you believed everything you read in comic books, you might come to think being a soldier in the US Army consisted of nothing but guard duty. (Which sometimes is true, but not as much as Cap’s early tales would lead you to believe.)
In my entire tour of duty in Iraq, I believe I had “official” guard duty only twice. One time was on the main gate of the Air Force base we resided in, and the other was to guard our specific area of the base, called Camp Sapper. It could get really boring looking out at the sand dunes that surrounded our home base. I think I must have counted every dune at least seventeen times. Sometimes, my brain would pray for an attack—which is that last thing that anyone in a combat zone would want! Despite the hyperbole, I hope you can understand the feeling.
The early Captain America stories having nothing to do with the war shouldn’t be surprising. This was a common tactic employed by many of the comic book publishing companies of the time. Publishers looked at their books as propaganda tools and morale boosters for service members. Timely Comics (the company that would go on to become Marvel Comics) had started to push anti-isolationist politics into their comics. Before Pearl Harbor, they portrayed the Third Reich as the enemy. This was popular among American readers. Many Timely Comics covers also featured Nazis as the villains. Putting provocative images on the covers of their comic books not only worked to sell issues, it also sent a powerful message to the public. The story could have little substance beyond a minor escapade, but a cover image could send shock waves.
Powerful images have always been tied to the military. I can remember, from my pre-deployment days at Ft. Sill in Oklahoma, seeing recruitment posters all over the place—well-drawn pieces of art that were usually obscured by bold block lettering. In one poster, Uncle Sam would tell us to re-enlist for the “good” of America. Another would be a sailor chastising us about “loose lips” and sinking ships. I can remember thinking, “You’ve already got us in. Stop advertising to us!”
I saw Captain America in exactly the same light. Without deeper research, he becomes nothing more than a symbol—a personification of the American flag that can only spout platitudes. Luckily, the character is much deeper than my basic assumptions.
Captain America #332 is an issue simply titled “The Choice.” Steve Rogers is called in to a government council assembled by the President of the United States. These officials request that Captain America serve his country again in an official capacity. Reading from Cap’s original Army contract, these slimy bureaucrats state that Captain America even agreed to serve as the nation’s mascot back in the 1940s. Clearly, Steve Rogers needed to do a better job of carefully reading his contract when he signed on the dotted line. The government wants Captain America to work for them again, lock, stock, and barrel. However, Cap pauses. He begins a soliloquy that would bring George Washington to tears. He states that, while the US President represents the government, Captain America represents the American dream, and the American people who believe in that dream. What Captain America represents is intangible, and if he’s tied to the concrete edicts of the government, he will have to violate these principles and ideals constantly.
Yes, you did read the above correctly. Captain America, the perfect soldier, just disobeyed a direct order from the United States government.
It is possible for a service member of the armed forces to refuse an order. If the order is illegal, unethical, or immoral, it is your duty to refuse and to explain why you are refusing for the greater good. You cannot state—like the many former Nazi soldiers at the famous Nuremberg trials—that you “were just following orders.” I, myself, disobeyed an order or two during my time in a combat zone. I won’t go into specific details on those occasions, but let’s say that, if I had followed the orders of my commanding officer, I wouldn’t be writing this book right now. Back to Captain America, true believers!
Captain America was faced with an impossible choice and, instead of backing down, he stood true. The Army has a set of values all new recruits are taught. These words are drilled into any new soldier throughout their Basic Combat Training. Troops are meant to live these values every day and judge every action they take through them. The Army values are loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and personal courage.
Steve Rogers took one big step toward selfless service in that particular story. He put the welfare of the nation before his own government. He believed he could serve his country and its people outside the purview of the government. Whether this fact is true or not, Steve grasped the idea of selfless service and did not let go.
His replacement did not do as well when faced with a similar situation. Once Captain America turned his uniform back in to the government and quit the mantle of the sentinel of liberty, the very same presidential council quickly began to search for another man. The man they found was a vigilante by the name of John Walker. John had been seeking fame as a superpowered hero, but immediately put all of that on hold when the government calls on him. He proclaims that any true patriot heeds his country’s call, no matter what. When the council later delivers the news to John that they cannot meet all his conditions for taking on the position of Captain America, John solemnly delivers a “Yes, sir.” No fight, no debate, merely a simple soldier’s acknowledgment.
We can see the ideas of Rogers’ resistance also manifest in the film Captain America: The First Avenger. Abraham Erskine, the scientist who has developed the super soldier serum, asks scrawny Steve Rogers if he wants to kill Nazis. Steve responds,
“I don’t want to kill anyone. I just don’t like bullies.” This answer becomes the reason Steve is chosen. Erskine instructs Steve to be “not a perfect soldier, but a good man.” This is a credo all soldiers should follow. We are all human beings first, soldiers second.
Without Captain America, we would not have a model to judge all soldiers and service members by in storytelling. His legend shines as brightly as his costume. Many times, he is the perfect soldier, a military “deity” if you will, shining down from above, telling soldiers how they should act and how much courage they need to charge the next hill. Other times, he’s Steve Rogers, a simple boy from Brooklyn who’s going to do what’s right every time. He’s a perfect example, a perfect ideal, and a perfect soldier.
Captain America takes a step in the direction of being a better service member, the way I hope and dream all soldiers eventually will. At first, you join for ideals (or maybe you enlist for that sweet sign-on bonus). However you feel when you sign on the dotted line to Uncle Sam, one part of your brain has to be behind the idea of serving your country. I doubt anyone could sign any kind of contract that significant if they didn’t believe