Squatters and the Roots of Mau Mau, 1905–1963. Tabitha Kanogo
interests, seems to have achieved a mythical image among the squatters. He seems to fulfil the same mythical function as Gikuyu na Mumbi who are seen as the founders of the Kikuyu tribe.
38. Van Zwanenberg, R. M. A., Colonial Capitalism and Labour in Kenya, 1919–1939, Nairobi, EALB, 1975, p. 257. See also Sorrenson, Origins of European Settlement, p. 185.
39. Sorrenson, Origins of European Settlement, p. 185.
40. For a brief discussion on Kaffir farming see Van Zwanenberg, Colonial Capitalism, Pp. 257–60, and Tignor, Colonial Transformation, pp. 106–10, 160–4 and 192.
41. KNA, PC RVP 6A/25/3, ‘Squatters 1931–38: A Note on the Squatter Problem’ by Fisher, V.M., Principal Inspector of Labour, June 1932.
42. Clayton, A. H., ‘Labour in the East African Protectorate, 1895–1918’, Ph.D. thesis, University of St. Andrews, 1971, p. 193.
43. Interviews, Njoroge Mambo, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon, and Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
44. Interview, Muchemi Kimondo, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
45. Van Zwanenberg, Colonial Capitalism, p. 257.
46. ibid.
47. Clayton, ‘Labour in East African Protectorate’, p. 104. See also Ghai, Y.P. and McAuslan, J.P.W.B., Public Law and Political Change in Kenya, Nairobi, OUP, 1971, p. 83.
48. KNA, Naivasha District Annual Report, 1916–1917, p. 2.
49. Clayton, ‘Labour in East African Protectorate’, p. 193.
50. ibid.
51. KNA, PC RVP 6A/25/3, P.C. Ukamba, Mr Traill, to Chief Secretary, 7 May 1915 on ‘Native Cattle on European Farms’, A.19/5.
52. KNA, Naivasha District Annual Report, 1912–1913, p. 2.
53. KNA, Naivasha District Annual Report, 1914–1915, p. 13.
54. ibid., p. 14.
55. KNA, Nakuru District Annual Report, and Quarterly Report 1910–1911, p. 3. Kavirondo was a colonial misnomer for the Luyia, Luo and Abagusii people who inhabit the Nyanza and Western regions of Kenya.
56. KNA, DC NVA 4/1, p. 5.
57. Clayton and Savage, Government and Labour, p. 20.
58. Interview, Muya Ngari, 6 October 1976, Njoro.
59. Interview, Kihiko Mwega, 25 October 1976, Nakuru. See also Shuranga Wegunyi, 25 October 1976, Nakuru, and Muchemi Kimondo, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
60. Interview, Icogeri Nyaga, 6 October 1976, Njoro.
61. Interview, Muta Njuhiga, 1 November 1976, Bahati. These camp houses were poorly constructed and most likely overcrowded as the labourers had to share accommodation.
62. Interview, Munge Mbuthia, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
63. Mbithi, P. and Barnes, C., Spontaneous Settlement Problems in Kenya, EALB, Nairobi, 1975, p. 45.
64. Interviews, Njoroge Mambo, 4 October 1976, Elburgon, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon, and Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
65. Interviews, Joseph Matahe, 30 September 1976, Bahati; Karanja Kamau, 21 October 1976, Nakuru.
66. See Clayton, and Savage, Government and Labour, p. 5, and interviews with Solomon Muchangi, 16 September 1976, Njoro; and Wilson Mwangi Njau, 13 October 1976, Elburgon.
67. KNA, Naivasha District Annual Report, 1916–1917, p. 2.
68. See Kanogo, ‘Comparative Analysis’.
69. Interview, Karanja Kamau, 21 October 1976, Nakuru.
70. Interviews, Ochama Omolo, 17 October 1976, Kericho, and Jackton Oyoo, 14 October 1976, Kericho.
71. See Kanogo, ‘Comparative Analysis’.
72. Interview, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon.
73. ibid.
74. Interviews, Wanjiku wa Kigo, 2 October 1976, Rongai, Kuria Kamaru, 2 October 1976, Rongai, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon, and Muchemi Kimondo, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
75. Interview, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon; Njoroge Mambo, 4 October 1976, Elburgon; Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
76. Interview, Mrs Kamau Wanyoko, 13 September 1976, Londiani; Mary Wangui Macharia, 16 September 1976, Njoro.
77. Interviews, Muta Njuhiga, 1 November 1976, Bahati, Wangari Thuku, 3 October 1976, Njoro, and Njau Kanyungu, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
78. Interview, Shuranga Wegunyi, 25 October 1976, Nakuru.
79. Interview, Wanjiku wa Kigo, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
80. Interview, Mary Wangui Macharia, 16 September 1976, Njoro.
81. Interview, Kamau Wanyoko, 13 September 1976, Londiani.
82. Interview, Mary Wangui Macharia, 16 September 1976, Njoro.
83. Interview, Kuria Kamaru, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
84. Leakey, L.S.B., ‘The Economics of Kikuyu Tribal Life’, East African Economic Review, Vol. 3., No. 1, 1956, pp. 158–80.
85. Interview, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon.
86. Interview, Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia; Nganga Githiomi, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
87. Interview, Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia.
88. Interview, Mrs Kamau Wanyoko, 13 September 1976, Londiani.
89. Mrs Kamau Wanyoko, 13 September 1976, Londiani, Kuria Kamaru, 2 October 1976, Rongai, and Nganga Githiomi, 2 October 1976, Rongai. Squatters expressed surprise at the Luo, Luyia and Kisii workers who ‘did not come to cultivate . . . but came [to the Settled Areas] for salaries’.
90. Interview, Lucia Ngugi, 10 September 1976, Turi.
91. Interview, Nganga Githiomi, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
92. Interview, Shuranga Wegunyi, 25 October 1976, Nakuru.
93. Interviews, Gacheru Manja, 4 October 1976, Elburgon, Ernest Kiberethi, 13 October 1976, Elburgon, and Kihiko Mwega, 25 October 1976, Nakuru, for figures quoted as bride-wealth during this period. Riiyu Ngare, 30 December, Nakuru.
94. Interview, Ngoci Ndegwa, 29 October 1976, Nakuru.
95. Interview, Arphaxad Kiiru Kuria, 21 September 1976, Elburgon.
96. Interview, Wanjiru Nyamarutu, Njoki Mucaba, 18 December 1976, Nakuru.
97. Interviews, Njoki Mucaba, Wanjiru Nyamarutu, 18 December 1976, Nakuru, and Njau Kanyungu, 2 October 1976, Rongai. Njau indicated that bride-price was much higher in the Settled Areas than in Central Province.
98. Interview, Wanjiku wa Kigo, 2 October 1976, Rongai.
99. Interview, Kihiko Kimani, 2 October 1976, Nakuru; Gacheru Manja stated that at a time when gituiku was the equivalent of two shillings in Central Province it was six shillings in the Rift Valley.
100. The settlers believed that the African was inimical to work and needed to be taught the dignity of labour. See, for example, Leader of British East Africa, 13 April 1912 and Huxley, E. White Man’s Country, 1870–1914, London, Macmillan and Co., 1935, pp. 214 ff., where the ‘uncivilised’ nature of the African and his obligation to provide the much needed labour are stressed. With time, however, the African labourer became sufficiently sophisticated to know that he could go and work where and for whom he desired and did not have to comply with administrative directives. See KNA, DC NZA 3/20/4/2, DC Kisii to Senior Commissioner, Nyanza, 7 January 1925.
101. Interviews, Bethuel Kamau, 8 October 1976, Subukia, and Muya Ngari, 6 October 1976, Njoro. The latter stated that once in the Rift Valley, squatters