A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe. Aron Rodrigue
Lejeune, L’autobiographie en France, 217.
55. Didier, Le journal intime, 79.
56. Ibid., 64.
57. Ibid., 56–57.
58. Michelle Perrot, “Drames et conflits familiaux,” in Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby, eds., Histoire de la vie privée (Paris, 1987), 4:264; Adeline Daumard, Les bourgeois et la bourgeoisie en France depuis 1815 (Paris, 1991), 153.
59. Anne Martin-Fugier, “Les rites de la vie privée bourgeoise,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 4:195.
60. Didier, Le journal intime, 21.
61. Lejeune, L’autobiographie en France, 181–82.
62. Ibid., 59.
63. Alain Corbin, “Coulisses: Le secret de l’individu,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 4:419.
64. S. N. Eisenstadt, ed., Patterns of Modernity (London, 1987), 1:5; Jacques Le Goff, Histoire et mémoire (Paris, 1988), 61.
65. For Westernization in Sephardi regions, see Esther Benbassa, “La modernisation en terre sépharde,” in Shmuel Trigano, ed., La société juive à travers l’histoire (Paris, 1992), 1:565–605.
66. For photographs, see various private collections and also Esther Yuhas, ed., The Sephardi Jews in the Ottoman Empire (in Hebrew) (Jerusalem, 1989).
67. Esther Benbassa, “Education for Jewish Girls in the East: A Portrait of the Galata School in Istanbul, 1872–1912,” Studies in Contemporary Jewry 9 (1993): 163–73.
68. Daumard, Les bourgeois et la bourgeoisie, 152.
69. Didier, Le journal intime, 91.
70. Martin-Fugier, “Vie privée,” 195; Didier, Le journal intime, 18.
71. Michelle Perrot, “Figures et rôles,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 172.
72. Daumard, Les bourgeois et la bourgeoisie, 152.
73. Martin-Fugier, “Vie privée,” 228–32.
74. Michelle Perrot, “La famille triomphante,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 4:94.
75. Perrot, introduction to “La famille triomphante,” 91.
76. Ibid., 136.
77. See on this subject Esther Benbassa, “Haim Nahum Efendi, dernier grand rabbin de l’Empire ottoman (1908–1920): Son rôle politique et diplomatique,” 2 vols. (thèse de doctorat d’état, Université de Paris III, 1987); Esther Benbassa, Haim Nahum: A Sephardic Chief Rabbi (Tuscaloosa, 1995).
78. Michelle Perrot, “Manières d’habiter,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 4:307 and 309.
79. Perrot, “Figures et rôles,” 154.
80. Pierre Guillaume, Du désespoir au saint: Les tuberculeux aux XIXe et XXe siècles (Paris, 1986), 233.
81. Ibid., 261.
82. Perrot, “Fonctions de la famille,” in Ariès and Duby, eds., Vie privée, 4:115.
83. Ibid.
84. Guillaume, “Tuberculose et montagne,” 37.
PART I
Autobiography
and
Correspondence
(1863–October 1906)
Preface
I dedicate these memories to my beloved children
I wish to record here the most important events of my existence. My life, which, it seems, will not be of long duration, has been filled with difficulties, struggles, a few joys, and much disillusionment. It is fitting that a trace should remain of it so that my children, when they have reached the age of reason, may read these pages and benefit from the experience I have had of men. Warned of some of the dangers and traps along the way, perhaps they will pursue their careers without sustaining too many wounds or damage. It is with that goal in mind that I recount my life in all sincerity, dissimulating nothing about my good actions and my faults, my successes and my disappointments, my ideals and what reality offered me. The moral of my story will emerge from the facts themselves. My children will endeavor to benefit from it and to extract from it principles of moral and practical conduct.
That is why I dedicate these memories to them.
GABRIEL ARIÉ
Davos, October 1906
1/ My Parents, Childhood Memories (1863–1873)
I was born in Samakov on 10 lyar 5623, which corresponds to 29 April 1863. At that time, Samakov was part of the Ottoman Empire. It was a small town of ten thousand, an industrial town with little trade: the iron found in great quantity in the alluvium was extracted from the ore in the primitive blast furnaces called viggnas and madens. My family on my mother’s side possessed several of these. The weaving of wool, from which fabric called chaïak was made, and the production of cheese and butter were sufficient to maintain a bit of activity and commerce in the city.
My father, Moïse, who received the second name Nissim after a grave illness in his childhood,1 was born in 5602 (1842) of Elia Arié, called Ham2 Liatchouno, and his wife, Dona. My grandfather, who lived in almost constant poverty, died prematurely of typhoid fever at age forty-four, in 1864, leaving behind three sons, Joseph, Nissim, and Raphaël, and two daughters, Venezia and Rébecca.
My mother, Jaël, the fifth child of Juda Arié, called Tchelebi3 Juda, was born in 1847. She had three sisters, Boulissa Arié,4 Reyna Tagger, and Tamar Arié, and four brothers, Moïse, David, Nahim, and Samuel.
My mother’s family was the richest in Samakov and perhaps in Bulgaria. Their style of living and the abundance in which they lived contrasted markedly with what my mother was to find with her in-laws. But the change did not weigh heavily upon her, for the attachment she had for her husband led her to accept with joy the modesty of her new condition.
Until the age of twenty, my father received quite an intense Hebrew education, the only kind of education available at that time, and from it his religious principles, from which he never strayed. I attribute the mediocrity of his commercial aptitudes in part to his long training in the midrasch.5 He was married at twenty (my mother was fifteen at the time) and found himself the head of a family, without the slightest resources and with no occupation. His father-in-law took him into his service at the office, not to handle accounts but to run errands, and my father thus found himself the servant of his brothers-in-law, who in fact treated him with indifference and often hostility.
The family life of my parents, then, began under rather sad conditions: lacking means, they were obliged to accept the hospitality of my grandfather Juda for two years. It was in my grandfather’s home that I came into the world, and he was my godfather. They say he was very fond of me, just as he particularly loved my father and mother. But his goodness could not prevent the constant humiliations to which my parents were subjected by their brothers- and sisters-in-law.
In 1866, my grandfather arranged a partnership between my father and Mr. Moïse Lévy, a salesman of manufactured goods, and obtained a small house for him, consisting of a single bedroom and a kitchen. My oldest childhood memories go back to that time, for I remember having seen my sister Oro at the breast. She was born in 1865. Although now settled into their own home, my parents spent almost every Saturday at my grandfather’s. Without my mother, there were no holidays or excursions to the country. It was during that time, which continued for about ten years, that my very keen taste for country life began. Even today I like to recall those delicious days spent under the trees, those evenings, each one