Design. Mark McGinnis

      THE REALLY BIG PICTURE

      Design is a relatively small word with an enormous range to its meaning. It has been defined as the organization of parts into a coherent whole (Bevlin 3). There is very little in our existence that doesn’t fit into this broad definition; from the universe to atomic structure, parts make a whole with predictable coherence. One place this definition does begin to break down is in the strange world of subatomic particles. In this minute world electrons and quarks do not always act in what one might consider a “coherent” way. In this tiny domain there is a realm of uncertainty and a possibility that the mere observation of the particle activity may change or actually creates the activity observed. This 20th century discovery has had a major impact on how scientists and intellectuals view our world and its design. From the 16th century science has been confidently dissecting the great design of nature, finding and recording the wondrous ways that parts make wholes. The breakdown of this predictable system at the subatomic level is disturbing to some observers. In many ways I see this exception as a welcome component to nature’s overall design. The concept of uncertainty on the subatomic level leads to the concept of tolerance; if one cannot have absolute certainty about actions and structures that constitute our world, one must keep an open mind to new and different ways of seeing and thinking - all is not predictable. The great Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore has reflected on this condition in a different way, “The detail of reality must be studied in their differences by science, but it can never know the character of the grand unity of relationship pervading it, which can only be realized immediately by the human spirit.” (Tagore, RM, 102)

      But much of nature’s great design (or God’s great design, depending on your personal beliefs) is stunning in its organization of parts into a coherent whole. Examples abound everywhere in the natural world. Consider the structure of a leaf; then consider the relation of leaf to branch, of branch to trunk, of trunk to roots, and then of all these parts to the whole. Finally consider all the species of trees found in nature; the diversity of one basic design is mind-boggling. Human beings are incredibly complex designs; the neurological, muscular, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive systems need to work in harmony for us to function (Bevlin 4). When you think of all that is going on inside you at this moment, it is a wondrous working of parts creating a whole that is you.

      It should come as no surprise that humans strive to create order. Not only does nature’s order surround us, but we are ourselves a part of that order. Humans create myths and religions that nearly all arise from the desire to create order out of chaos or nothingness. The quest for design and order is evident in all human undertakings. Religion attempts to create a structure of understanding/ethics/morals/goals by which people can live. Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, Buddhism, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam and countless tribal religions have all attempted to create bodies of instruction, organizing and designing individual and collective lives (Bevlin 4). There are critics in contemporary society who see the decline of people adhering to religious designs as a major problem. Religious order gave, and gives, people a reason for existence beyond themselves. The same sense of meaning and belonging is difficult for many people to find in science or through other secular orders. Critics observe that with no “higher” design to follow people fall into patterns of self-gratification, putting themselves at the center of the big picture and expecting all to revolve around them. It has been expressed by the great 20th century Jewish sage, Abraham Joshua Heschel as follows:

       Absorbed in the struggle for the emancipation of the individual, we have concentrated our attention upon the idea of human rights and overlooked the importance of human obligations. More and more the sense of commitment, which is so essential a component of human existence, was lost in the melting pot of conceit and sophistication. Oblivious to the fact of his receiving infinitely more than he is able to return, man began to consider his self as the only end. Caring only for his needs rather than his being needed, he is hardly able to realize that rights are anything more than legalized interests.

       Needs are looked upon today as if they were holy, as if they contained the totality of existence. Needs are our gods, and we toil and spare no effort to gratify them. (129)

      Religion is one of many organizing designs of humans. Another is government. Through the ages a myriad of forms have been attempted, from small tribal organizations to nation-states to global organizations such as the UN.

      Human designing extends into all areas of human activity, religion and government to your sock drawer. Humans have become so successful at designing and redesigning that in some cases they have forgotten that they themselves are part of nature’s overall design. In forgetting this we have put ourselves in the position of being superior to the overall design and therefore having the right to exploit whatever components we wish for our own short-term gain. The results of this arrogance are now plaguing us in the environmental damage seen around the globe. The impact of massive consumption of finite resources such as oil and minerals, the pollution of our air and water, and the mindless disregard to other species of life on earth has become startlingly evident. A long overdue realization seems to be developing: if you destroy the environment, you destroy yourself. It remains to be seen if this realization can spread far and deep enough to stop and reverse the damage before major breakdown in the systems create global disasters.

      THE BIG VISUAL PICTURE

      For the purposes of the artist and designer the definition of design must be narrowed while still keeping in mind the “big picture” is where inspiration abides. Visual design can be defined as the organization of elements and materials to achieve a purpose.

      The first part of our definition is organizing which could also be termed planning or ordering. Artists and designers take many approaches to this process. Some develop strict guidelines and procedures, moving through a plan step by step. A painter might start with extensive research of his subject, then execute thumbnail sketches, then larger rough sketches, then refined drawings, then color studies or preliminary paintings before beginning the final work. Another painter might begin by directly applying paint to the final work, consciously eliminating all planning, hoping for maximum spontaneity. Other artists might take approaches anywhere between or even more extreme in either direction. Artists find the planning method that best suits their nature and their needs.

      The second part of the definition deals with elements that are to be organized. These elements are the visual elements: line, space, shape, mass, value, color, and texture. These are the components that make up our visual experience. They are what must be organized by the designer to create a visual experience. They are the content of the design.

      The materials of our definition are the physical