The Price of Loyalty. Andrew L. Johns
of U.S. foreign relations, see, for example, Ralph B. Levering, “Is Domestic Politics Being Slighted as an Interpretive Framework?” SHAFR Newsletter 25, no. 1 (March 1994): 17–35; Jussi M. Hanhimäki, “Global Visions and Parochial Politics: The Persistent Dilemma of the ‘American Century,’” Diplomatic History 27, no. 4 (September 2003): 423–47; Fredrik Logevall, “Domestic Politics,” in Frank Costigliola and Michael J. Hogan, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, 3rd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 151–67; Jason Parker, “On Such a Full Sea Are We Now Afloat: Politics and U.S. Foreign Relations across the Water’s Edge,” Perspectives, May 2011, https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/may-2011/political-history-today/on-such-a-full-sea-are-we-now-afloat; Thomas A. Schwartz, “‘Henry, . . . Winning an Election Is Terribly Important’: Partisan Politics in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations,” Diplomatic History 33, no. 2 (April 2009): 173–90. Representative scholarship includes Melvin Small, Democracy and Diplomacy: The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996); Robert David Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Andrew L. Johns and Mitchell B. Lerner, eds., The Cold War at Home and Abroad: Domestic Politics and U.S. Foreign Policy since 1945 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2018); Julian E. Zelizer, Arsenal of Democracy: The Politics of National Security—From World War II to the War on Terrorism (New York: Basic Books, 2010); Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front; Andrew Johnstone and Andrew Priest, eds., U.S. Presidential Elections and Foreign Policy: Candidates, Campaigns, and Global Politics from FDR to Bill Clinton (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2017).
11.
Dan Cohen, Undefeated: The Life of Hubert H. Humphrey (Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications, 1978); Carl Solberg, Hubert Humphrey: A Biography (New York: Norton, 1984); Offner, Hubert Humphrey. See also Sheldon Engelmayer, Hubert Humphrey: The Man and His Dream (London: Routledge, 1978); Paul Westman, Hubert Humphrey: The Politics of Joy (Minneapolis, MN: Dillon Press, 1978); Charles Lloyd Garrettson, Hubert H. Humphrey: The Politics of Joy (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1993).
12.
Humphrey, The Education of a Public Man. On Humphrey’s vision for the country as a U.S. senator, see Hubert H. Humphrey, The Cause Is Mankind: A Liberal Program for Modern America (New York: Praeger, 1964). For a compilation of Humphrey’s public comments, see, for example, Jane C. Thompson, ed., Wit & Wisdom of Hubert H. Humphrey (Minneapolis, MN: Partners Press, Ltd., 1984). Most of the textual versions of Humphrey’s public speeches (1941–1978) have been digitized by the Minnesota Historical Society and are available at http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00442.xml (accessed October 25, 2019). It should be noted, however, that Humphrey frequently went “off script” and spoke extemporaneously. In addition, many of his speeches on the Senate floor are not included in this digital collection.
13.
Berman, Hubert; Ted Van Dyk, Heroes, Hacks, and Fools: Memoirs from the Political Inside (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2007).
14.
Timothy N. Thurber, The Politics of Equality: Hubert H. Humphrey and the African American Freedom Struggle (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999); Robert Mann, The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996). See also Paula Wilson, ed., The Civil Rights Rhetoric of Hubert H. Humphrey: 1948–1964 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996); Jennifer A. Delton, Making Minnesota Liberal: Civil Rights and the Transformation of the Democratic Party (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002).
15.
See, for example, Clinton Anderson, Outsider in the Senate (New York: World Publishing Company, 1970); Michael Amrine, This Is Humphrey: The Story of the Senator (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1960); Richard P. Jennett, The Man from Minnesota (Minneapolis, MN: Joyce Society, 1965); Winthrop Griffith, Humphrey: A Candid Biography (New York: Morrow, 1965); Gladys Zehnpfenning, Hubert H. Humphrey: Champion of Human Rights (Minneapolis, MN: T. S. Denison and Company, Inc., 1966).
16.
The massive historiography on the 1968 presidential election includes Michael A. Cohen, American Maelstrom: The 1968 Election and Politics of Division (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Theodore White, The Making of the President, 1968 (New York: Atheneum Publishers, 1969); Michael Nelson, Resilient America: Electing Nixon in 1968, Channeling Dissent, and Dividing Government (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014); Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995); Lawrence O’Donnell, Playing with Fire: The 1968 Election and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Penguin, 2017); Michael Schumacher, The Contest: The 1968 Election and the War for America’s Soul (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2018); Lewis Chester, Godfrey Hodgson, and Bruce Page, An American Melodrama: The Presidential Campaign of 1968 (New York: Viking Press, 1969); Lewis L. Gould, 1968: The Election That Changed America (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1993); Kyle Longley, LBJ’s 1968: Power, Politics, and the Presidency in America’s Year of Upheaval (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018); Kent G. Sieg, “The 1968 Presidential Election and Peace in Vietnam,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 16, no. 4 (Fall 1996): 1062–80; Walter LaFeber, The Deadly Bet: LBJ, Vietnam, and the 1968 Election (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005); Aram Goudsouzian, The Men and the Moment: The Election of 1968 and the Rise of Partisan Politics in America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019).
17.
See, for example, Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 346–47; Humphrey, The Education of a Public Man, 236–42; Robert Mann, A Grand Delusion: America’s Descent into Vietnam (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 401–8.
Chapter 1
The Happy (Cold) Warrior
Foreign policy is really domestic policy with its hat on.
—Hubert Humphrey
We cannot attribute to fortune or virtue that which is achieved without either.
—Niccolò Machiavelli
Brilliant. Gregarious. Optimistic. Eloquent. Ambitious. Emotional. Loyal. Inquisitive. Loquacious. Empathetic. Driven. These are just a few of the adjectives that have been used by contemporary observers, friends, political allies, and historians to describe Hubert Humphrey. The Minnesotan was a political polymath, interested in a wide range of domestic and international issues and willing to fight with passion and commitment for causes in which he believed. Like any politician, he had his share of successes and failures throughout his career, all of which were magnified by his national reputation and stature. He lost his first mayoral race in Minneapolis, suffered through being passed over by the Democratic convention to be Adlai Stevenson’s running mate in 1956, and tearfully lost the 1960 presidential nomination to John F. Kennedy after a poor showing in the West Virginia primary. But almost every time he faced an obstacle or lost a political engagement, he jumped back into the fray, working harder and more diligently than ever to see his vision of the country realized. The one issue on which he failed and from which he would not recover would be the war in Vietnam.
That Humphrey would grapple futilely with the Vietnam conflict as he ran for president may not be surprising in retrospect, but in real time it could be considered an anomaly in an otherwise impressive career of public service. Hubert Humphrey was one of the most intelligent men to ever serve in the U.S. Senate. Few senators have ever tackled such a broad spectrum of domestic and international issues and still managed to achieve the understanding and level of detailed engagement that he did. He excelled as “a stand-up,