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NOTES
1 This chapter benefitted from discussions with Michael Aliber, Stephen Greenberg and Neva Makgetla. Interpretation and any errors, of course, remain mine.
2 See http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/09/employment, accessed 26/09/2011.
3 The state requested the judgment be set aside through an argument around discovery (information requested but not provided) in the Tribunal process that prevented full evidence being heard that would have supported its case.
4 Times Live 2/8/2011, http://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2011/08/02/walmart-massmart-merger-poses-risk-to-sa-ministers, accessed 2/8/2011.
5 Compare South Africa’s high degree of formalisation to Mexico, where only 7 per cent of the market was through formal channels when Wal-Mart entered (Tilly 2006).
6 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/7_4521_Chairmans_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
7 See http://www.cambridgefood.co.za/about.asp, accessed 1 June 2013.
8 Also, all expect Massmart to grow through expanding its African operations, understood as being a major growth area (BMI 2013; Macquarie 2013). Massmart already operates in 13 countries in sub-Saharan Africa through four divisions comprising 235 stores, and one buying association serving 480 independent retailers and wholesalers (http://www.fastmoving.co.za/retailers/retailer-profiles-132/massmart-198). Massmart has already announced plans to expand its operations especially in Africa in 2013 (‘Massmart to focus on store growth in Africa’ FMCG SUPPLIER NEWS Ventures Africa – May 30th, http://www.fastmoving.co.za/news/supplier-news-17/massmart-to-focus-on-store-growth-in-africa-3802; accessed 11 June 2013).
9 Indeed, Pick n Pay has made efforts to upgrade its centralised distribution systems in line with competitive pressures from Wal-Mart’s entry (BMI 2013). Rumours also abound about Tesco’s move to acquire Pick n Pay.
10 See http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/files/1019812640/Investor_Centre_Files/Annual_Reports/Annual-Report-2012/8_4521_Chief_Executives_Report.pdf, accessed 29 June 2013.
11 Shoprite operates a wholly owned subsidiary Freshmark, which runs its distribution centres in South Africa. It procures both South African fresh fruit and vegetables and imports. Its website says, ‘It operates its own network of distribution centres and refridgerated trucks; negotiates production contracts with some 459 large- and small-scale farmers in South Africa and as well as 354 suppliers in the 11 African countries we operate in; sources specialty fruit and vegetables on international markets, and plays a key role in equipping emerging farmers with the knowledge and skills to produce and meet international GLOBALG.A.P. standards (http://www.shopriteholdings.co.za/pages/1019812640/retailing-services/Freshmark.asp,