My People Are Rising. Aaron Dixon
day he graduated high school, he received his draft notice. My grandfather escorted his only son down to the induction center. A large man, my grandfather dwarfed his son as he prepared to hand him over to the unknown. Neither of them had any idea what the trials ahead would present.
My grandmother could not bear for her son to leave. She was a doting mother, and her son and daughter meant the world to her. She told me that when her son left to go to war, she let loose a sound of anguish so deep and so pained that it could be heard by many of her neighbors. The thought of her little boy, now a man, going off to war and facing possible death was almost too much for her to bear. But he was determined to go. Finally resigned to the fact that her son had gone, she penned the following poem, published in a local paper in 1943:
To My Son
Oh, how I miss you my son,
And the tricks you played in fun.
I miss your loud laughter and tumbled room
And your constant juggling of the kitchen broom.
How I miss your begging for pie,
And saying in fun, that for sweets you would die.
I miss the gang who would come to the door
Just as you started to scrub the floor.
There are many things I miss, since you went away,
As I wander through the quiet house each day;
Praying to Him, who is above
To send back to me the son I love.
At boot camp in Kentucky, my father and his friends were assigned to the famed Seventh Cavalry, a fact that made him very proud. In preparation for war, they learned about weapons and proper use in discharging them, as well as techniques of hand-to-hand combat. They were also whipped into top physical shape, running and marching in the Kentucky countryside, where my father was bitten by a rattlesnake while marching in the field. He also experienced constant haranguing from some brothers about his light-brown complexion. After boot camp, the green recruits were ready to confront the enemy. But they would soon find out that the enemy was not the one they expected. The young, exuberant Black soldiers were loaded onto a train with the windows covered and issued helmets with the letter “M” painted on them. The recruits thought the “M” meant they were being shipped out to Michigan, or maybe Minnesota. They had no idea that their destination was Mississippi. My father had never been south of Kentucky, let alone as far as Mississippi.
The legacy of slavery in the South was still intact in 1943. My father and his friends had heard the stories of lynching and brutality against Blacks, and of the segregation that was far worse than in Chicago. But for a wide-eyed young man, none of those things mattered, or maybe they sounded too extreme to be true. He and the others had no idea what shocks and dangers awaited them in the Deep South.
The segregated South and the segregated US Army presented serious problems for Black soldiers. On the army base, they were treated with disdain. Off the base, their lives were often in danger. The mere sight of a Black man in uniform could often be enough to incite violence from whites. There were three main incidents in Mississippi that reshaped my father’s understanding of his country and what it meant to be Black in America.
The first trial took place on a dusty road as Black soldiers marched in formation, carrying their packs and unloaded weapons. Led by their white officers, they had been marching for hours in the hot, humid Southern sun, fighting off the aggravating mosquitoes, sweat running down their brown faces, marching across cotton fields where Black slaves had once toiled in the heat of the day for the white master. Finally they came to a large field with a faded red barn. Standing there to greet them was a white man in dingy overalls, holding a double-barreled shotgun.
“You niggers stop right there!” he barked out.
The commanding officer put up his right hand slightly for his tired troops to halt. He replied, “Sir, my men and I need to march across your field so we can avoid the swamp.”
The white man’s face remained emotionless. As far as he was concerned these niggers should still be in chains, heads bowed, shuffling along. Pointing his shotgun at the men as he spoke, he said, “Ain’t no niggers gonna march across my field.” The words came out of his mouth finite and resolute.
In other circumstances, most of the Chicago men would have rushed the gun-toting white man. They had been in their share of racial brawls in Chicago, but this was not the time or the place to fight back. And even though the white man was outnumbered, there was no doubt among the men or the officers that he would use his weapon. At the officer’s command, the exhausted men turned around and marched into the swamp. Later that evening the men set up camp, ate their rations, and bedded down. Once the white officers were asleep, my father led a group of his friends back to the farmer’s land and torched his field and the red barn. It is difficult for me to imagine what was going through my father’s mind or the minds of his fellow conspirators. For young Black men from Chicago to commit such an act in the heartland of Jim Crow America in 1943 represented either sheer insanity or tremendous defiance.
The second incident occurred while my father was on furlough in the local town not far from the base. He had met a pretty, young Black woman who was very light-skinned and probably passed for white on occasion. They had spent the day at the edge of town enjoying the sunny weather and each other’s company, as any young couple on a first date might do. As evening approached, the young lady announced that it was getting late and she had better get home before dark.
My father responded, “I’ll walk you home.”
His friend began to get anxious and nervously replied, “Oh, I think you better not do that.”
But my father, being a true Chicago boy, brought up to respect tradition and the old-fashioned cultural values of honor and chivalry, persisted. Back home in Chicago, the proper thing to do was to escort your date home. Even though the young woman protested that he should not walk her home, my father insisted on continuing with his escort, oblivious to the line he was crossing. They set out on the walk across town, which took them out in public. My father was dressed smartly in his uniform, hat tilted to the side, smiling a happy-go-lucky grin as he often did. His young female companion was nervous and doubtful. First it was the threatening stares and the whispering from passersby. And then, there on the sidewalk stood the town sheriff, his red neck almost bursting through the stained collar of a brown shirt and his stomach bulging over the belt that held his service revolver. The sheriff wasn’t quite sure what he saw. He had seen these nigger soldiers all spruced up in their brown uniforms, and had put many of them in their place, and maybe he’d done more than that. But now, this nigger appeared to be walking with a white girl.
He looked my father in the face and said, “Nigger, when I come back here, you better be gone.”
My father continued walking with his date. They just happened to be passing a post office, so he and his date went inside. He wrote a postcard to his mother, describing the danger he was in and what had been happening to him and his fellow Black soldiers in the Deep South. He asked for a stamp and mailed the postcard. Then he continued across town with his date, walking toward her home. He made it back to the base unharmed but was shaken by what had occurred. When his mother received the postcard, she wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt, the wife of the president, telling Mrs. Roosevelt about her son’s dire situation and that of the other Black soldiers on the army base.
Some time later came the third incident. On a Sunday morning, my father and the other Black soldiers were preparing to go on furlough when orders came that their furlough had been canceled. Instead, they were ordered to clean the latrines in the white soldiers’ barracks. This was the last straw. All the incidents since they had been in the Deep South came to a head and exploded on that Sunday. Anger and rage and defiance all collided and ignited as the Black soldiers broke out in rebellion. They smashed up the furniture, beds, and anything else from the barracks they could propel out into the yard. They lit fires and refused all orders to disperse. Their rebellion continued for almost three days. Finally, a train pulled into the camp, and all the Black soldiers from that Mississippi base