Frozen Hell. John W. Campbell Jr.
same sort of excitement I felt in that first encounter. “Who Goes There” is a masterpiece, the work of a writer in full command of his powers.
Campbell would go on to edit Astounding and its successor Analog Science Fiction for 33 more years, publishing, along the way, the best work of such writers as Heinlein, Asimov, Theodore Sturgeon, Henry Kuttner, L. Ron Hubbard, A.E. van Vogt, L. Sprague de Camp, and many another mighty figure of that formative period in the history of science fiction. He was a mighty figure himself, physically imposing, a big man with a commanding voice, still the dominant editor of the field when I first entered his office, with more than a little trepidation, as a new young writer in 1955. Though he no longer wrote science fiction himself—his editorial responsibilities kept him too busy for that—he was a fountain of ideas, sharing them freely with the authors who visited them (myself included, though I was just a twenty-year-old beginner.)
What I had trouble realizing, as a novice writer standing in the presence of the great John Campbell in 1955, was that there had been a time when Campbell himself was a novice, young, uncertain, struggling to earn a living as a writer. Like me, he had begun writing science fiction in his teens.
And, like me, he had won editorial acceptance right away. The editor who took his first story promptly lost it, though, and since Campbell had no other copy of it, it was lost forever. But a second story, “When the Atoms Failed,” afforded him his professional debut in the January 1930 issue of Amazing Stories. He was nineteen years old. The editor’s introduction declared, “Our new author, who is a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, shows marvelous ability at combining science with romance, evolving a piece of fiction of real scientific and literary value.”
Young Campbell followed it swiftly with a string of lengthy stories—“The Black Star Passes,” “Piracy Preferred,” “Islands of Space,” “Invaders from the Infinite,” and others, which established him, while he was still in his early 20s, as the second most popular science-fiction writer of the time, behind only Dr. E.E. Smith, the author of vast and ponderous space epics that Campbell had carefully imitated. By 1934, when his serialized novel “The Mightiest Machine” appeared in Astounding (even then the leading magazine of the field), he was looked upon by readers more highly than even Smith himself.
The problem was that this early success did not translate itself into any sort of financial security. The science-fiction magazines of that early day paid a cent a word at best, and Campbell’s primary market, Amazing Stories, paid on publication, which meant he could wait as long as two years before seeing any return on his work. And, major figure that he was to science-fiction readers, he was not doing well in the mundane world. He had flunked out of M.I.T. in his junior year after three times failing to pass his German course, a required subject. After that embarrassing debacle he enrolled at Duke University, where, after an intensive summer course in German, he finally was able to come away with a degree in 1934. By then he had married, and, unable to earn a real-world living from his writing, he had embarked on a series of undistinguished jobs—car salesman, air-conditioner salesman, and a secretarial job at Mack Trucks, among others—but never managed to keep any of them very long.
His writing career was presenting difficulties, too. F. Orlin Tremaine, the astute editor of Astounding, had begun to think that readers were tiring of the sort of super-science tales that had brought Campbell his early fame, wordy epics in which grim, methodical supermen repeatedly saved the world from menacing aliens by mastering, with the greatest of ease, such things as faster—than-light travel, the fabrication of matter-destroying rays, the release of atomic energy, and the penetration of hyperspace. In 1935 Campbell turned in three lengthy sequels to The Mightiest Machine and Tremaine rejected all three. He had no place else to sell them, since Amazing Stories already was holding a novel of his for which it had not yet paid, and Wonder Stories, the third of the three science-fiction magazines of the day, was in financial trouble and buying very little new material, and the failure of the three novellas left him in harsh financial circumstances.
Having exhausted the possibilities of the high-tech galactic epic on which he had built his fame, Campbell somewhat desperately began to reposition himself as a writer. At Tremaine’s suggestion he began a series of moody, poetic stories of the far future under the pseudonym of “Don A. Stuart”. These, beginning with the haunting, visionary “Twilight” and going on to “Blindness,” “The Machine,” “Night,” and several others, were an immediate success with the readers of Astounding. Seeking to escape from the low—pay world of the science-fiction pulps, Campbell looked toward Argosy, a weekly magazine of general fiction noted for publishing fantastic novels by such writers as Edgar Rice Burroughs and A. Merritt and paying quite well for them. He tried them with Frozen Hell, a tight, tense novel about a lunar expedition stranded on the Moon, which had not interested Tremaine. But it was written in diary form, a mode not ideally suited to the demands of the magazine readers of the day for fast-paced fiction, and neither Argosy nor any other magazine cared for it. (It finally saw print in 1951, published by a small press under the title of The Moon is Hell.)With the heavy-science epic no longer marketable, and the moody Don A. Stuart stories insufficient to support him by themselves, Campbell needed to find something different to write, and, with the help of a new editor named Mort Weisinger, he undertook a series of potboilers in the comic mode of Stanley G. Weinbaum, an immensely popular writer who had died in 1935 after a brief, spectacular career. Weinbaum was a natural storyteller with a distinctive light touch, and his work had won him a wide following, beginning in 1934 in Hugo Gernsback’s Wonder Stories with “A Martian Odyssey,” still often reprinted in anthologies, and continuing until his death eighteen months later. The sales of Wonder Stories were approaching the vanishing point early in 1936, and Gernsback sold it to the aptly named Standard Magazines, a chain of pulps that dealt in simply told action-adventure stories for young readers, which renamed it Thrilling Wonder Stories. Weisinger, a long-time science-fiction fan who was put in charge, was aware that Weinbaum had been the old magazine’s readers’ favorite, and, with Weinbaum no longer available, he called in John Campbell and asked him to write a series of stories in the Weinbaum manner.
Campbell, hard pressed to pay his rent at the time, eagerly complied. The usual Weinbaum plot had involved space explorers who become entangled in some complicated manner with alien beings, and though Campbell’s published work had been anything but lighthearted up until then, he proposed a group of breezy Weinbaumian tales featuring two space travelers named Penton and Blake. The first one Campbell turned in, in the spring of 1936, was “Imitation,” to which Weisinger gave the livelier title of “Brain-Stealers of Mars” when he ran it in the December 1936 issue of Thrilling Wonder Stories.
“Brain-Stealers” begins in a cheerfully Weinbaumian way. Penton and Blake, having caused some trouble on Earth by touching off an atomic explosion in the course of an experiment, jump into a spaceship and take off for Mars. They are puzzled to find what look like Japanese maple trees there, and also weirder-looking plants, weird plants and animals having been a Weinbaum specialty. Before long things get stranger: the Japanese maples change form, becoming something very alien; and then Penton and Blake find themselves surrounded by some twenty duplicate Pentons and Blakes, identical in all respects, including voices, personalities, and memories.
They respond fairly casually at first, Blake shooting one of the extra Pentons with his atomic pistol when it begins to show signs of further physical change, then eliminating some of the others. Then centaur-like creatures show up—Martian natives, quite friendly, who explain telepathically that the shapeshifters are creatures called thushol that have the power of transforming themselves into perfect imitations of other life-forms.
“How do you tell them from the thing they’re imitating?” Penton asks.
“It used to bother us because we couldn’t,” one of the centaurs replies. “But it doesn’t any more.”
“I know—but how do you tell them apart? Do you do it by mind-reading?”
“Oh, no. We don’t try to tell them apart. That way they don’t bother us any more.”
The centaurs are untroubled by the presence of shapeshifters in their midst (“If the imitation is so perfect we can’t tell the difference, what’s the difference?”), but Penton and Blake see