Why Us?: How Science Rediscovered the Mystery of Ourselves. James Fanu Le
Science Triumphant, Almost
‘The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new lands, but in seeing with new eyes.’
Marcel Proust
We live in the Age of Science, whose lengthy roll-call of discoveries and technical innovations has immeasurably changed our lives for the better. Within living memory children succumbed in their thousands every year from polio and whooping cough, telephones were a rarity, colour television was yet to be invented and the family would gather every evening around the wireless after supper to listen to the news.
Since then, the therapeutic revolution of the post-war years has reduced death in infancy to its irreducible minimum, while ensuring that most now live out their natural lifespan; the electronic revolution has prodigiously extended both the capacity of the human mind, with computers of ever smaller size and greater power, and its horizons, with the Hubble telescope circling in orbit around the earth, relaying back from the far reaches of the cosmos sensational images of its beauty and grandeur.
The landmarks of this post-war scientific achievement are familiar enough: for medicine, there are antibiotics and the pill, heart transplants and test tube babies (and much else besides); for electronics, the mobile phone and the Internet; for space exploration, the Apollo moon landing of 1969 and the epic journey of Voyagers I and II to the far reaches of our solar system. But these last fifty years have witnessed something yet more remarkable still – a series of discoveries that, combined together, constitute the single most impressive intellectual achievement of all time, allowing us to ‘hold in our mind’s eye’ the entire sweep of the history of the universe from its beginning till now. That history, we now know, starts fifteen thousand million years ago (or thereabouts) with the Big Bang, ‘a moment of glory too swift and expansive for any form of words [when] a speck of matter became in a million millionth of a second something at least ten million million million times bigger’. Eleven thousand million years pass, and a massive cloud of gas, dust, pebbles and rocks in a minor galaxy of that (by now) vast universe coalesces around a young sun to create the planets of our solar system. Another thousand million years pass, the surface of the earth cools and the first forms of life emerge from some primeval swamp of chemicals. Yet another two and a half thousand million years elapse till that moment a mere(!) five million years ago when the earliest of our ancestors first walked upright across the savannah plains of central Africa.
And again, within living memory we knew none of this, neither how the universe came into being, nor its size and composition; neither how our earth was born, nor how its landscape and oceans were created; neither the timing of the emergence of life, nor the ‘universal code’ by which all living things reproduce their kind; neither the physical characteristics of our earliest ancestors, nor the details of their evolutionary transformation to modern man. Now we do, and holding this historical sweep ‘in our mind’s eye’ it is possible to appreciate the intellectual endeavour that underpins it will never, can never, be surpassed. How astonishing to realise that today’s astronomers can detect the distant echoes of that ‘moment of glory’ of the Big Bang all those billions of years ago, and capture in those astonishing images transmitted from the Hubble telescope the very processes that brought our solar system into existence. How astonishing that geologists should have discovered that massive plates of rock beneath the earth’s surface, moving at the rate of a centimetre a year, should have formed its continents and oceans, the mountains and valleys of the snow-capped Himalayas thrust upwards by the collision of the Indian subcontinent with the Asian landmass. How astonishing, too, that biologists should now understand the internal workings of the microscopic cell, and how the arrangements of the same four molecules strung out along the elegant spiral of the Double Helix contain the ‘master plan’ of every living thing that has ever existed.
It is impossible to convey the intellectual exhilaration of such momentous discoveries, but the account by Donald Johanson of finding the first near-complete skeleton of our three-and-a-half-million-year-old hominid ancestor ‘Lucy’ conveys something of the emotions felt by so many scientists over the past fifty years.
Tom [Gray] and I had surveyed for a couple of hours. It was now close to noon, and the temperature was approaching 110. We hadn’t found much: a few teeth of a small extinct horse; part of the skull of an extinct pig, some antelope molars, a bit of a monkey jaw …
‘I’ve had it,’ said Tom. ‘When do we head back to camp?’
But as we turned to leave, I noticed something lying on the ground part way up the slope.
‘That’s a bit of a hominid arm,’ I said.
‘Can’t be. It’s too small. Has to be monkey of some kind.’
We knelt to examine it.
‘Much too small,’ said Gray again.
I shook my head. ‘Hominid.’
‘What makes you so sure?’ he said.
‘That piece right next to your hand. That’s hominid too.’
‘Jesus Christ,’ said Gray. He picked it up. It was the back of a small skull. A few feet away was part of a femur; a thigh bone. ‘Jesus Christ,’ he said again. We stood up and began to see other bits of bone on the slope. A couple of vertebrae, part of a pelvis – all of them hominid. An unbelievable, impermissible thought flickered through my mind. For suppose all these fitted together? Could they be parts of a single extremely primitive skeleton? No such skeleton has ever been found – anywhere.
‘Look at that,’ said Gray. ‘Ribs.’
A single individual.
‘I can’t believe it,’ I said, ‘I just can’t believe it.’
‘By God you’d better believe it!’ shouted Gray. His voice went up into a howl. I joined him. In that 110 degree heat we began jumping up and down. With nobody to share our feelings, we hugged each other, sweaty and smelly, howling and hugging in the heat-shimmering gravel, the small brown remains of what now seemed almost certain to be parts of a single hominid skeleton lying all around us.
Momentous events have multiple causes, and the source of this so recent and all-encompassing delineation of the history of our universe stretches back across the centuries. It is impossible to hope to convey the intellectual brilliance and industry of those who brought this extraordinary enterprise to fruition, whose major landmarks are summarised here as the Thirty Definitive Moments of the past six decades.
TABLE 1
Science Triumphant 1945–2001: Thirty Definitive Moments
| 1945 | The atom bomb: Hiroshima and Nagasaki |
| 1946 | The electron microscope reveals the internal structure of the cell |
| 1947 | The invention of the transistor launches the Electronic Age |
| 1953 | Theory of formation of the chemical elements of life by nuclear fusion within stars |
| 1953 | The laboratory simulation of the ‘origin of life’ |
| 1953 | James Watson and Francis Crick discover the Double Helix |
| 1955 | The first polio vaccine |
| 1957 | The Soviet Union launches Sputnik and the epoch of planetary exploration |
| 1960 |
The |