.
a specific number of X-ray quanta
1.5.18 Solution
1.5.19 Exercise: Probability to absorb a specific number of X-ray quanta for given number of irradiated quanta
1.5.20 Solution
1.5.21 Exercise: Standard deviation of the number of absorbed X-ray quanta
1.5.22 Solution
2. ULTRASOUND
2.1 Ultrasound Waves
2.1.1 Exercise: Wavelength of sinusoidal ultrasound waves
2.1.2 Solution
2.1.3 Exercise: Reflected intensity at an interface
2.1.4 Solution
2.1.5 Exercise: Reflected intensity at an interface of muscle and bone
2.1.6 Solution
2.1.7 Exercise: Change of direction of a sound wave traversing an interface
2.1.8 Solution
2.1.9 Exercise: Transversal deflection of an ultrasound beam
2.1.10 Solution
2.1.11 Exercise: Displayed size of tissues in ultrasound images
2.1.12 Solution
2.1.13 Exercise: Frequency shift in Doppler mode
2.1.14 Solution
2.2 Ultrasound scanners
2.2.1 Exercise: Beam focusing by delaying elements in a linear array
2.2.2 Solution
2.2.3 Exercise: Best size of focus
2.2.4 Solution
2.2.5 Exercise: Depth of focus
2.2.6 Solution
2.2.7 Exercise: Longitudinal resolution of an ultrasound pulse
2.2.8 Solution
3. ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY (ECG)
3.1 Dipole fields
3.1.1 Exercise: Potential of an electric dipole along the dipole axis
3.1.2 Solution
3.1.3 Exercise: Potential of an electric dipole in the symmetry plane
3.1.4 Solution
3.1.5 Exercise: Component of the electric dipole vector
3.1.6 Solution
3.2 ECG instrumentation
3.2.1 Exercise: Heart rate in an ECG paper print
3.2.2 Solution
3.2.3 Exercise: Angle of the heart electrical axis
3.2.4 Solution
3.2.5 Exercise: Equation to calculate Uiii from Ui and Uii
3.2.6 Solution
3.2.7 Exercise: Angle of the heart electrical axis for given Ui and Uii
3.2.8 Solution
3.2.9 Exercise: The signal lead augmented vector foot aVf
3.2.10 Solution
3.2.11 Exercise: Voltage ratios of Einthoven and Goldberger signal leads
3.2.12 Solution
3.2.13 Exercise: Precordial leads according to Wilson
3.2.14 Solution
4. LASER
4.1 Interaction of laser light with matter
4.1.1 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to coagulate soft tissue
4.1.2 Solution
4.1.3 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to vaporize soft tissue
4.1.4 Solution
4.1.5 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to photoablate soft tissue
4.1.6 Solution
4.1.7 Exercise: Energy density and time range of laser radiation to photodisrupt soft tissue
4.1.8 Solution
4.1.9 Exercise: Power density of a laser diode
4.1.10 Solution
4.1.11 Exercise: Energy density and beam diameter of a pulsed laser
4.1.12 Solution
4.1.13 Exercise: Ablation depth of a laser pulse
4.1.14 Solution
4.1.15 Exercise: Ablation depth versus energy density of laser pulses
4.1.16 Solution
4.1.17 Exercise: Beam diameter and depth of focus of a focused laser
4.1.18 Solution
4.1.19 Exercise: Irradiation time in photodynamic therapy
4.1.20 Solution
4.1.21 Exercise: Therapeutic window
4.1.22 Solution
5. PULSE OXYMETRY
5.1 Interaction of light with blood
5.1.1 Exercise: Optical density of blood
5.1.2 Solution
5.1.3 Exercise: Isobestic point of light absorption in blood
5.1.4 Solution
5.1.5 Exercise: Maximum difference of light absorption in hemoglobin
5.1.6 Solution
5.1.7 Exercise: Optical densities of oxy- and deoxygenated hemoglobin
5.1.8 Solution
5.2 Analysis of oxygen saturation
5.2.1 Exercise: Variation of the optical path length
5.2.2 Solution
5.2.3 Exercise: Ratio of optical density differences during a heartbeat
5.2.4 Solution
5.2.5 Exercise: Ratio of optical density differences at specific oxygen saturation
5.2.6 Solution
6. HIGH-FREQUENCY SURGERY
6.1.1 Exercise: Current densities around a spherical electrode
6.1.2 Solution
6.1.3 Exercise: Electrical potentials around a spherical electrode
6.1.4 Solution
6.1.5 Exercise: Current between a spherical and a large neutral electrode
6.1.6 Solution
6.1.7 Exercise: Current between a spherical and a large neutral electrode for a given set of parameter values
6.1.8 Solution
6.1.9 Exercise: Power density caused by current flow
6.1.10 Solution
6.1.11 Exercise: Supplied heat energy and rise of temperature
6.1.12 Solution
6.1.13 Exercise: Ratio of peak and average power
6.1.14 Solution
6.1.15 Exercise: Dissipated power versus specific resistance
6.1.16 Solution
6.1.17 Exercise: Dissipated power at different orientations of tissues
6.1.18 Solution
6.1.19 Exercise: Dissipated power at different orientations of tissues with specific resistances
6.1.20 Solution
7. COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY (CR)