A Framework of Human Systems Engineering. Группа авторов
which represents autonomous systems, the intermediary points suggest different interaction points between users and systems.
2 Domains – This dimension represents the different contexts of use for systems, as different domains can induce different considerations and restrictions. Domain‐induced constraints include environmental variables, operator state, organizational factors, and personnel characteristics. While the framework was developed specifically for military systems, it can be extended and adapted across various domains such as space, transportation, and aerospace.
3 System design phases – The intent of the original framework was to capture the impact of different tools and methods at different phases of system design, i.e. concept, preliminary design, detailed design, test and evaluation, deployment, and retirement. This approach emphasized the benefits of applying human‐centered analyses early in the system development.
4 Tools and methods – By mapping the three previous dimensions to available tools and methods, the intent of the framework was that it could be used to suggest tool sets for different human‐centered analyses depending on the system type, domain, and stage of system development.
The framework acts as an index to identify essential information and previously validated findings. It can be used to suggest tools, methods, processes, data, standards, and expertise across similar systems and/or domains. The intent in developing the framework was that the dimensions could be expanded or modified as needed to capture evolving elements in sociotechnical systems and provide the metadata to classify the required HSE efforts.
1.5 HSE Applications
The original framework has been repurposed here to classify the case studies that compose this volume. The original dimensions have been slightly modified to better provide an index to the cases presented. This revised framework maintains the sociotechnical and domain dimensions; however, the second two dimensions were modified slightly to represent both HSE and SE concerns as shown in Figure 1.2. Note that for simplicity, both the HSE and SE concerns dimensions were limited to those that appear in the case studies. The modified framework presents a better categorization of the cases provided and facilitates easy identification of cases that best match the readers' interest.
Figure 1.2 HSE framework as an index for the case studies.
Additionally, the rendering of the framework has changed from the original tree structure to a multi‐axis plot. Each axis represents one of the framework dimensions, and the hash marks identify the subcategories. This visualization allows the cases to be “plotted” as an intersection of two (or more) dimensions. While the original framework identified the categories for each domain, the new rendering allows these categories to be used as a classification system, easily identifying the key content of each case study. As the applications in this volume are quite varied, the framework provides a logical way to organize and connect the case studies.
As shown in Figure 1.2, each chapter has been located on the framework to show its intersection among the dimensions. The first section of the book contains applications that describe different sociotechnical system types and their relationships with the human user. For example, Chapter 2 describes human considerations for domain awareness and focuses on human interface design. The authors make a comprehensive analysis of situational awareness platforms for public safety and stress the importance of traditional training methods coupled with cutting‐edge technology. Chapter 3 defines the sociotechnical factors shown to improve success using artificial intelligence in a system development. With the integration of artificial intelligence into every system domain, the authors employ a quantitative model of the sociotechnical space to identify the discrepancies between not considering the stakeholder and high risks in complex agile projects. Chapter 4 considers both technology readiness and autotomy level to determine meaningful human control based on trust in human‐autonomy teaming. The authors use an example of herding sheep with airborne drones to provide a validation scenario for the proposed concept and process.
The second section of the book provides a “deep dive” focus on specific domains. These chapters provide examples of HSE impacts in specific contexts. For example, Chapter 5 looks at the Australian heavy rail industry and the use of sociotechnical modeling. The authors describe how integrating HF models with SE can be used to introduce new capabilities from an integrated organizational standpoint. Chapter 6 focuses on the engineering life cycle for space exploration systems and the use of human‐centered programs to mitigate risk. The authors describe how HSE can play an important role throughout the SE phases to optimize total system performance. Chapter 7 reviews the evolution of cockpit design based on the impact of evolving technologies the aerospace domain. The author describes how traditional human–computer interaction practices have given way to user experience “UX” and interaction design methodologies.
The next section, section three, focuses on training and skill sets with cross‐references to different domains. Chapter 8 discusses the impact of generational differences of users on the design of training programs. The authors describe a socio‐cognitive framework that combines the social aspects, i.e. generational differences, with the cognitive aspects, such as neuropsychology, that allows researchers to assess the effectiveness of gamified learning interventions. Chapter 9 investigates how training resiliency impacts readiness in the military domain. The authors identify basic workforce resilience measures that can be used to guide SE efforts to migrate to new training systems. Finally, Chapter 10 describes research that evaluates the introduction of virtual and constructive technology into live air combat training systems. The authors use qualitative methods, influenced by cognitive engineering and action research, to iteratively identify, assess, and mitigate risks stemming from the change of training techniques.
Section four presents two chapters that focus on the intersection of the socio‐component and human characteristics. Chapter 11 presents an approach to build trustworthy blockchain applications for large complex enterprises based on HSE principles. The methodology develops a human data integration and interaction methodology through establishing trust and security links. The authors illustrate their approach through an operational risk management example. Chapter 12 offers a unique took at the impact of light technologies on organizational information. The author describes the association between the implicit properties of light on the four organizational principles of presence, power, knowledge, and harmony.
Finally, section five offers some observations “from the field.” Chapter 13 provides a lighter note, offering an unedited account of some observations and suggestions for real‐time control room future designs. Chapter 14 concludes the volume with a selection of research topics challenges compiled into several categories. The chapter author hopes that members of the scholastic community will contribute to the improvement of this first topology of challenges as well as the framework