Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни. Фрэнк Мартела
Freedom, and Rising Happiness: A Global Perspective (1981–2007),” Perspectives on Psychological Science 3, no. 4 (2008): 264–285.
53
Jon Clifton, “People Worldwide Are Reporting a Lot of Positive Emotions,” May 21, 2014. http://news.gallup.com/poll/169322/people-worldwide-reporting-lot-positive-emotions.aspx.
54
World Health Organization, Global Health Estimates 2015: DALYs by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000–2015 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016).
55
Compare, for example, these two: Dheeraj Rai, Pedro Zitko, Kelvyn Jones, John Lynch & Richard Araya, “Country and Individual Level Socioeconomic Determinants of Depression: Multilevel Cross-National Comparison,” The British Journal of Psychiatry 202, no. 3 (2013): 195–203; and Alize J. Ferrari, Fiona J. Charlson, Rosana E. Norman, Scott B. Patten, Greg Freedman, Christopher J.L. Murray, et al., “Burden of Depressive Disorders by Country, Sex, Age, and Year: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” PLOSMedicine 10, no. 11 (2013): 61001547.
56
See Brett Q. Ford, Phoebe Lam, Oliver P. John & Iris B. Mauss, “The Psychological Health Benefits of Accepting Negative Emotions and Thoughts: Laboratory, Diary, and Longitudinal Evidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 115, no. 6 (2018): 1075–1092.
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The relationship is logarithmic rather than linear, but whether there is a satiation point for life satisfaction is still debated among researchers. Positive affect has generally weaker relations with wealth and there the satiation point is more readily observed. See Daniel Kahneman & Angus Deaton, “High Income Improves Evaluation of Life But Not Emotional Well-Being,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, no. 38 (2010): 16489–16493; Eugenio Proto & Aldo Rustichini, “A Reassessment of the Relationship Between GDP and Life Satisfaction,” FLOS ONE 8, no. 11 (2013): 679358; and Daniel W. Sacks, Betsy Ayer Stevenson & Justin Wolfers, “The New Stylized Facts About Income and Subjective Well Being,” Emotion 12, no. 6 (2012): 1181–1187.
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Andrew T. Jebb, Louise Tay, Ed Diener & Shigehiro Oishi, “Happiness, Income Satiation and Turning Points Around the World,” Nature Human Behaviour, no. 1 (2018): 33–38.
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Jonathan Haidt, Happiness Hypothesis: Finding Modern Truth in Ancient Wisdom (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 89.
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Консьюмеризм – здесь: культ потребления, потребительство.
61
Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (London: Vintage Books, 2010), 149.
62
Statista, “Media Advertising Spending in the United States from 2015 to 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars),” March 28, 2019, https://www.statista.com/statistics/272314/advertising-spending-in-the-us/.
63
Секулярный – свободный от церковного влияния; светский.
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Здесь: особенность поведения, мысли.
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Barry Schwartz, The Paradox of Choice: Why More Is Less (New York: HarperCollins, 2004).
66
Herbert A. Simon, “Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment,” Psychological Review 63, no. 2 (1956): 129–138. Simon contrasts the strategies of “satisfice” and “optimize.”
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See Nathan N. Cheek & Barry Schwartz, “On the Meaning and Measurement of Maximization,” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 2 (2016): 126–146.
68
Samantha J. Heintzelman & Laura A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist 69, no. 6 (2014): 561–574.
69
The Health and Retirement Study, an ongoing longitudinal study of Americans over age 50 sponsored by the National Institute on Aging at the University of Michigan, http://hrsonline.isr.umich.edu/. These results are reported in Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful.”
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Rosemarie Kobau, Joseph Sniezek, Matthew M. Zack, Richard E. Lucas & Adam Burns, “Well-Being Assessment: An Evaluation of Well-Being Scales for Public Health and Population Estimates of Well-Being Among US Adults,” Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being 2 (2010): 272–297.
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Oishi & Diener, “Residents of Poor Nations.”
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Fei-Hsiu Hsiao, Guey-Mei Jow, Wen-Hung Kuo, King-Jen Chang, Yu-Fen Liu, Rainbow T. Ho, et al., “The Effects of Psychotherapy on Psychological Well-Being and Diurnal Cortisol Patterns in Breast Cancer Survivors,” Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 81 (2012): 173–182.
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Heintzelman & King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” 567.
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Sometimes people might be disillusioned and unreliable reporters of their own emotional states so we should take their reports with a grain of salt. But there is no evidence of bias so systematic that it would render subjective reports totally worthless, most of the time they probably are relatively accurate. See, e.g., OECD, OECD Guidelines on Measuring Subjective Well-Being (Paris: OECD Publishing, 2013). Be that as it may, I side with the psychologists in focusing on the experienced meaning of people rather than believing there to be some outside standard that can be used to judge the meaningfulness of people’s existence no matter their own experience.
75
Пер. Е. Цветковой.
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Jon H. Kaas, “The Evolution of Brains from Early Mammals to Humans,” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 4, no. 1 (2013): 33–45. Also see Joseph R. Burger, Menshian A. George, Claire Leadbetter & Farhin Shaikh, “The Allometry of Brain Size in Mammals,” Journal of Mammalogy 100, no. 2 (2019): 276–283.
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Юваль Ной Харари – израильский военный историк-медиевист, профессор исторического факультета Еврейского университета в Иерусалиме, автор международного бестселлера «Sapiens: Краткая история человечества».
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Yuval Harari, Sapiens. A Brief History of Humankind (New York: Harper, 2015).
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See William A. Roberts,