Western Civilization. Paul R. Waibel
Mainline and Radical Reformation Martin Luther Huldrich Zwingli John Calvin Reformation in England Catholic Reformation Conflicts among the Protestant Reformers Assessment References 8 New Horizons Rise of the Nation‐States Spain France England Holy Roman Empire Exploration and Discovery Scientific Revolution From Copernicus to Newton Bacon and Descartes Significance of the Scientific Revolution References 9 Age of Enlightenment and Revolution Enlightenment Enlightenment Political Theory Social Contract Theorists Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean‐Jacques Rousseau Montesquieu Enlightened Despotism French Revolution and Napoleon Background Moderate Phase, 1789–1791 Radical Phase, 1792–1794 End of the Terror and Return of the Moderates, 1794–1799 Napoleonic Period, 1799–1815 Enlightened Despot Empire References
7 Part IV: Nineteenth Century: An Overview 10 Europe’s Great Powers in the Nineteenth Century Vienna Congress Concert System Latin America, Britain, and the United States Greek War for Independence Decembrist Revolt Revolutions of 1830–1832 Revolutions of 1848 France Germany Austria Rome Why the Revolutions Failed Unification of Italy and Germany Italy Germany Paris Commune References 11 Industrial Revolution Origins A Second Industrial Revolution Free Trade Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society Child Labor Women Urbanization Responses to Industrialization Early Reform Efforts Marxism and the Working Class Marxism's Appeal Orthodoxy and Revision Socialism in Britain Anarchism References 12 Nineteenth‐Century Intellect and Culture Romanticism Romantic Revolt and Immanuel Kant's Idealism A Second Scientific Revolution Darwin and Evolution Reaction to Darwin's Theory of Evolution Christian Response to Darwin Social Darwinism