Plant Pathology and Plant Pathogens. John A. Lucas

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A plant life cycle and some effects of disease.Figure 1.2 Some disease symptoms caused by pathogens infecting different pla...Figure 1.3 Club root disease of brassicas. (a) Primary infection causes dist...Figure 1.4 Rust of willows caused by Melampsora species. (a) Aerial view of ...Figure 1.5 Agents responsible for plant disease, disorders, and damage. High...Figure 1.6 Poplar tree infested by European mistletoe Viscum album.Figure 1.7 Effect of infection by the rust fungus Puccinia lagenophorae on s...Figure 1.8 Relationship between yield levels and crop loss, indicating econo...Figure 1.9 Comparison of proportions of total production of major food and c...Figure 1.10 A convergence of forces increasing the threat of plant disease....

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Symbiotic relationships: + positive effects on partner; − n...Figure 2.2 Faba bean leaves infected by Botrytis fabae (left) showing necrot...Figure 2.3 Apple scab disease caused by Venturia inaequalis. (Left) Scab les...Figure 2.4 Nutritional modes in heterotrophic microorganisms.Figure 2.5 Use of Koch’s postulates to establish the etiology of a new disea...Figure 2.6 Relationships between host, pathogen, and disease reaction.Figure 2.7 The quadratic check, showing interactions between alleles of a ho...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Intercellular hypha (IH) of the oomycete Peronospora viciae i...Figure 3.2 Mycelial strands formed by a basidiomycete fungus. The fungus has...Figure 3.3 Specialized parasitic structures, known as haustoria, formed by t...Figure 3.4 Bacterial cell structure. (a) Electron micrograph of the bacteriu...Figure 3.5 Structure of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). (a) Electron micrograph ...Figure 3.6 Viroid structures, showing (a) rod‐like secondary structure with ...Figure 3.7 The processes involved in pathogen dispersal and the scale on whi...Figure 3.8 Some routes by which pathogens are dispersed.Figure 3.9 Active discharge of ascospores of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from s...Figure 3.10 Dispersal of spores or bacterial cells by rain drops from wet an...Figure 3.11 Vectors exploited by plant pathogens.Figure 3.12 The disease tetrahedron.Figure 3.13 Different routes of plant viruses in their aphid vectors. The gu...Figure 3.14 Survival strategies adopted by plant pathogens.Figure 3.15 Electron micrograph sections of (a) a multicellular conidium of Figure 3.16 Survival and germination of fungal sclerotia under natural condi...Figure 3.17 Daily changes in populations of Pseudomonas syringae on bean lea...Figure 3.18 Survival periods recorded for some pathogens in the field.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Activities involved in disease assessment and prediction.Figure 4.2 Serology‐based pathogen detection. (a) A sandwich ELISA assay. 1....Figure 4.3 Coconut lethal yellowing disease (LYD) caused by a phytoplasma. (...Figure 4.4 Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) workflow based on RNA‐seq ...Figure 4.5 Septoria tritici leaf blotch in England and Wales. (a) Risk map b...Figure 4.6 Distribution of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in the...Figure 4.7 Assessment of Septoria tritici leaf blotch of wheat (Zymoseptoria...Figure 4.8 Sensor technologies used for automated detection and evaluation o...Figure 4.9 Aerial photo of a winter wheat crop in the UK in June, showing di...Figure 4.10 Imaging plant health. (a) Octocopter drone carrying sensors. (b)...Figure 4.11 Some examples of equipment used to monitor the risk of disease. ...Figure 4.12 Numbers of three aphid species (Metopolophium dirhodum, Rhopalos...Figure 4.13 Contribution of the upper leaves and ear to final yield of wheat...Figure 4.14 Effects of brown rust (Puccinia triticina) of cereals. (a) Wheat...Figure 4.15 Relationship between late blight progress and yield loss of the ...Figure 4.16 Fungal pathogens that can contaminate cereal grain. (a) Ergot on...Figure 4.17 Incidence of black mold (Pilgeriella anacardii) in dwarf cashew ...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Records of occurrence of southern corn leaf blight (Bipolaris may...Figure 5.2 Epidemic growth curves for monocyclic (a,b) and polycylic (c,d) p...Figure 5.3 Disease increase with time plotted on a logarithmic scale.Figure 5.4 Disease models and their uses.Figure 5.5 Diagrammatic representation of the HLIR disease model. Boxes show...Figure 5.6 Example output from an HLIR model showing proportions of a host p...Figure 5.7 Disease gradient for bean rust, Uromyces phaseoli, dispersing fro...Figure 5.8 Annual incidence of Phytophthora infestans genotypes in UK popula...Figure 5.9 Hedgerow elm infected by Dutch elm disease showing chlorosis (yel...Figure 5.10 Global spread of yellow rust of wheat, Puccinia striifomis f.sp....Figure 5.11 Genomic analysis of field isolates of wheat yellow rust, Puccini...Figure 5.12 Progress of a potato late blight epidemic and the effects of two...Figure 5.13 Timeline of first occurrence of invasive forest pathogens in the...Figure 5.14 The five Ps of biosecurity, including national activities and in...Figure 5.15 Border biosecurity. (Top) Sign at Guarulhos International Airpor...Figure 5.16 Wart disease of potatoes, caused by Synchytrium