Practical Field Ecology. C. Philip Wheater
Major divisions of the Raunkiær plant life‐form system.
3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 DAFOR, Braun–Blanquet, and Domin scales for vegetation cover.Table 3.2 Abundance (ESACFORN) scales for littoral species.Table 3.3 Recommended quadrat sizes for various organisms.
4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Some considerations in the choice of radio‐tracking equipment.Table 4.2 Summary of killing and preservation techniques for commonly studied...Table 4.3 Factors to consider when using pitfall traps.Table 4.4 Examples of baits and target insect groups.Table 4.5 Factors to consider when choosing light traps to collect moths.Table 4.6 Summary of different types of net.Table 4.7 Example of timed species counts. Using 12 surveys, each of 1 hour (...Table 4.8 Comparison of bat detector systems.
5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Abundance of invertebrates in ponds. Percentages in parentheses may...Table 5.2 Summary of commonly used methods of population estimation based on ...Table 5.3 Common diversity and evenness indices.Table 5.4 Commonly used similarity measures.Table 5.5 Statistics that should be reported for difference tests. These are ...Table 5.6 Statistics that should be reported for relationship tests. These ar...Table 5.7 Statistics that should be recorded for tests used to examine associ...Table 5.8 Using dummy variables. Example of how two dummy variables (large/no...Table 5.9 A spider indicator species analysis. The respective overall indicat...Table 5.10 Types of stress measure for computing MDS solutions.
6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Mean number of individualsa) of invertebrate orders found in pollut...Table 6.2 Uses of different types of graphs.Table 6.3 Examples of words used unnecessarily when qualifying terms.Table 6.4 SI units of measurement. To standardise the units in which measurem...Table 6.5 Conventions for the use of abbreviations.Table 6.6 Examples of Latin and foreign words and their emphasis.
List of Illustrations
1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Flowchart of the planning considerations for research projects.Figure 1.2 Example timescales for a medium‐term research project. Note...Figure 1.3 Example of a section of a data recording sheet for an investigati...Figure 1.4 Examples of sampling designs. (a) Random sampling; (b) systematic...Figure 1.5 Experimental layouts for five different treatments. (a) Clustered...Figure 1.6 Data set approximating to a normal distribution.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Phase 1 habitat map. In the UK, Phase 1 habitat surveys involve ma...Figure 2.2 Portable weather station. Many automated weather stations will au...Figure 2.3 Maximum/minimum thermometer. As the temperature rises, the alcoho...Figure 2.4 Types of thermometers. Old style soil thermometers like the one s...Figure 2.5 Whirling hygrometer. This is also called a psychrometer and consi...Figure 2.6 Anemometers. (a) Cup anemometer – the device is held in the wind ...Figure 2.7 Environmental multimeter.Figure 2.8 Penetrometer. Comprises a gauge and a small cone connected to a r...Figure 2.9 Soil augers. (a) Soil gouge auger, core‐removing tool, and mallet...Figure 2.10 Bulb planters. Gardeners' bulb planters can be used to take core...Figure 2.11 Aquatic multimeters. These can be used to measure the physico‐ch...Figure 2.12 Secchi disk. This is a circular disk of 0.2–0.3 m diameter, colo...Figure 2.13 Dynamometer to measure wave action. As waves drag the ball, the ...Figure 2.14 Light meters. (a) Light, or lux, meters such this can give an in...Figure 2.15 Using ranging poles to measure the inclination of a slope. Rangi...Figure 2.16 Using a cross‐staff to survey a shoreline.Figure 2.17 Using a GPS. GPS can be used to estimate location and/or altitud...Figure 2.18 Lichen zone scale for mean winter sulphur dioxide estimation on ...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Quadrats. From left to right – subdivided wire quadrat (with pin‐...Figure 3.2 Recording positions on a subdivided quadrat. Nine cords are set a...Figure 3.3 JNCC guideline usage of SACFOR scales. (a) Scales used for organis...Figure 3.4 Two nested quadrat designs. In (a) the area sampled and the total...Figure 3.5 Using random numbers to identify a position in a sampling grid. E...Figure 3.6 Comparison of the perimeter to area ratios of circular, square, a...Figure 3.7 Pin‐frame. From left to right: used on its own, used with a...Figure 3.8 Comparison of transect sampling techniques.Figure 3.9 Kite diagram to indicate the abundance of different species along...Figure 3.10 Using a clinometer. The angle from the horizontal to the top of...Figure 3.11 Tree coring. Atlas Cedar (Cedrus atlantica), being cored in Mor...Figure 3.12 Estimating canopy cover. Using a 10 × 10 grid on top of picture...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Observation and marking chambers for invertebrates. Invertebrates...Figure 4.2 Use of ink or paint spots to identify individual invertebrates. U...Figure 4.3 Differences in rhino horn shape and size that can be used to iden...Figure 4.4 Survivorship curves. Where: l x is the number surviving to a parti...Figure 4.5 ‘W’ shaped transect walk. Similar designs using ‘M’ s...Figure 4.6 Parabolic reflector concentrating sound onto the central micropho...Figure 4.7 Pond nets suitable for catching surface, pelagic, and bottom acti...Figure 4.8 Belleville mosquito larvae sampler. The cylinder (without the fun...Figure 4.9 Using a kick net and sorting the sample.Figure 4.10 Kick screen or banner net. Ensure that the bottom net is as clos...Figure 4.11 Surber sampler.Figure 4.12 Hess sampler.Figure 4.13 Drift net. Weights (dark spheres shown in the diagram on the lef...Figure 4.14 Plankton net. When the net is towed (a) or suspended (b) in the ...Figure 4.15 Suction sampler for animals in burrows.Figure 4.16 Naturalist's dredge. The mouth of this net is made of metal ...Figure 4.17 Grabs for collecting benthic animals. (a) Ekman grab with a remo...Figure 4.18 The Baermann funnel. A small sample is wrapped in muslin and pla...Figure 4.19 Bidlingmayer sand extractor. The sample is spread over the base ...Figure 4.20 Colonisation samplers. (a) Hester–Dendy multi‐plate samplers are...Figure 4.21 Crayfish traps. The funnel entrances allow the animals to enter ...Figure 4.22 Crayfish refuge trap. The steel base frame can be pegged into th...Figure 4.23 Soil sieves. (a) Gardener's soil sieve for separating coarse fra...Figure 4.24 Tullgren funnels. The soil core or leaf litter should be dried s...Figure 4.25 Kempson bowl extractor. The sample is placed between two grids, ...Figure 4.26 Winkler sampler. Samples may be dry‐sieved first using a fairly ...Figure 4.27 Simple inclined tray light separator. As the sample dries out, a...Figure 4.28 Baited pitfall trap.Figure 4.29 Setting pitfall traps.Figure