Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology. Robin Whelpton
(b). Diagram of a FI...Figure 13.18 Schematic diagrams of (a) DART ionization and (b) ESI or EASI s...Figure 13.19 Analysis of a dried blood spot by paper spray-MS (Reprinted fro...Figure 13.20 Schematic diagram of a laser diode thermal desorption sourceFigure 13.21 Principle of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass s...Figure 13.22 Typical MALDI applications in forensic toxicology: (a) high-thr...Figure 13.23 Typical GC-MS total ion chromatogram of a methanolic solution c...Figure 13.24 Mass spectra of citalopram (Mr 324.4) and clomipramine (Mr 314....Figure 13.25 EI mass spectra of amfetamine (Mr 135.2) and metamfetamine (Mr ...Figure 13.26 EI mass spectra of the 4-carboxyhexafluorobutyryl (4-CHFB) deri...Figure 13.27 Problems associated with deuterated internal standards. (a) Sep...Figure 13.28 Isotopic internal calibration in LC-MS/MS: plasma clozapine and...Figure 13.29 MALDI-MS/MS images of (a) longitudinal sectioned drug user hair...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Schematic diagram of a basic ion mobility spectrometerFigure 14.2 (a) Reactant ion peak and dimerization (O'Donnell et al., 2008–r...Figure 14.3 Basic ion mobility spectrometry operation. (a) Temporal. (b) Spa...Figure 14.4 High field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry. (a) Wa...Figure 14.5 A stacked ring guide in travelling wave ion mobility spectrometr...Figure 14.6 Trapped ion mobility spectrometryFigure 14.7 Ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry. (a) Drift time ion ...Figure 14.8 Schematic diagram of SIFT-MS (Smith & Španěl, 2011–reproduced wi...Figure 14.9 Ion mobility spectrometry of codeine in synthetic urine (Midey e...Figure 14.10 FAIMS compensation voltage scans for a mixture of hydromorphone...Figure 14.11 Ion mobility spectrometry of atenolol. (a) Analysis of individu...
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Distribution of aspirin (pKa = 3.4) between gastric fluid and pl...Figure 15.2 Some of the factors that may reduce oral availability. Other fac...Figure 15.3 The effect of pH on the distribution of salicylate (pKa = 3.0) b...Figure 15.4 Some metabolic pathways of diamorphine, morphine, and codeineFigure 15.5 Role of xanthine oxidase in the metabolism of purinesFigure 15.6 Reduction of nitrazepam by human aldehyde oxidase (AOX1)Figure 15.7 Conjugation of salicylic acid to produce the β-D-glucuronid...Figure 15.8 Examples of drugs metabolized by N-acetylation. The acetylated n...Figure 15.9 Metabolic pathways of phenacetin and paracetamolFigure 15.10 Conjugation of salicylic acid with glycineFigure 15.11 Stereochemical biotransformations. (a) Hydroxylation and reduct...Figure 15.12 Some metabolic pathways of olanzapineFigure 15.13 Metabolism of selected 7-chlorobenzodiazepines and their prodru...Figure 15.14 Selected metabolic pathways of midazolam in humansFigure 15.15 Reduced and oxidized metabolites of sulindacFigure 15.16 Oxidative debromination of halothaneFigure 15.17 Metabolism of dichloromethane: (a) microsomal and (b) cytosolic...Figure 15.18 Comparative metabolic pathways of malathion in mammals and in i...Figure 15.19 Trans-esterification of methylphenidate in the presence of etha...Figure 15.20 Mean plasma concentrations of nortriptyline after a single oral...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 First-order elimination curves: (a) C vs t, (b) ln C vs t, and (...Figure 16.2 Concentration–time curves showing first-order input into a singl...Figure 16.3 (a) Constant rate infusion into a single-compartment model showi...Figure 16.4 Plasma concentration–time plots following repeated doses at equa...Figure 16.5 Principle of sustained-release preparations. ka < λ so it is rat...Figure 16.6 (a) Steady-state serum concentrations of phenytoin in five subje...Figure 16.7 Plasma 2,4-D concentrations (♦), urinary excretion (*), and urin...Figure 16.8 Decay from a two-compartment kinetic model following a i.v. bolu...Figure 16.9 The trapezoidal method of measuring AUC (Inset: measurement of t...Figure 16.10 Effect of (a) food and (b) pH on the oral absorption of ketocon...Figure 16.11 Effects of age on (a) relative distribution of lean body weight...Figure 16.12 Example of a typical BAC versus time curve (Jones, 2010–reprodu...Figure 16.13 Simulated curves showing the effect of the rate of absorption o...
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Principle of lateral flow immunoassayFigure 17.2 Comparison of the sensitivities of three oral fluid testing devi...Figure 17.3 (a) Example of a Drugwipe Twin II. (b). Exploded view showing wi...
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Typical detection window for drugs of misuse in various common b...Figure 18.2 An example of an oral fluid collection device (Salivette™, Sarst...Figure 18.3 Differentiation between (a) contaminated hair and (b) cocaine us...Figure 18.4 The SensAbues exhaled air condensate collection system (Beck et...
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 GC-FID of a whole blood sample obtained post-mortem from a patie...Figure 19.2 HS-GC of ethanol and other volatile compounds: (a) FID and (b) M...Figure 19.3 (a) Merged GC-NCI mass chromatograms of characteristic ions of h...Figure 19.4 Merged mass fragmentograms of extracted serum standards containi...Figure 19.5 Reconstructed mass chromatograms of an acetylated extract of a 2...Figure 19.6 Mass spectrum of the peak at 8 min (Figure 19.5), the reference ...Figure 19.7 Mass fragmentograms of the quantifiers (m/z) of a plasma sample ...Figure 19.8 LC-DAD of a dichloromethane extract (pH 9) of a blood sample fro...Figure 19.9 Typical LC-MS total ion chromatogram obtained on analysis of a m...Figure 19.10 Extracted ion chromatograms of the precursors of test compounds...Figure 19.11 Identification of dabigatran metabolites in a sample from a 66-...
20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Schematic representation of parameters that have been used for T...Figure 20.2 Metabolic pathways of methylxanthinesFigure 20.3 Metabolism of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine
21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Energy level diagrams to show transitions associated with (a) AE...Figure 21.2 Pneumatic nebulizer for flame AASFigure 21.3 Inductively coupled plasma: (a) ICP torch (b) components of an I...Figure 21.4 Example of ICP-MS mass spectrum (courtesy of Thermo-Fisher Scien...Figure 21.5 Hydride generation AASFigure 21.6 Cold vapour generationFigure 21.7 Schematic diagram of anodic stripping voltammetry. Metal ions pl...Figure 21.8 An example of an effective calcium exchanger
22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Mammalian metabolism of selected alcoholsFigure 22.2 Some synthetic anabolic steroidsFigure 22.3 Median blood clozapine and norclozapine concentrations before an...Figure 22.4 Comparison of the chemical structures of selected designer benzo...Figure 22.5 Some examples of laxativesFigure 22.6 Selected examples of hallucinogens: (a) N-benzylphenylethylamine...Figure 22.7 Interaction of cystine with cyanideFigure 22.8 Selected metabolic pathways of (R)-ketamineFigure 22.9 Metabolism of tramadolFigure 22.10 Some metabolites and decomposition products of cocaine
Guide
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2 Table of Contents
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