Quantum Mechanics, Volume 3. Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
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using definitions of (46) of that complement for the direct and exchange potentials, which are now time-dependent. There is obviously a close relation between the Hartree-Fock equations, whether they are time-dependent or not.
4-c. Discussion
As encountered in the search for a ground state with the time-independent Hartree-Fock equations, there is a strong similarity between equations (36) and an ordinary Schrödinger equation for a single particle. Here again, an exact solution of these equations is generally not possible, and we must use successive approximations. Assume for example that the external time-dependent potential V1(i) is zero until time t0 and that for t < t0, the physical system is in a stationary state. With the time-independent Hartree-Fock method we can compute an approximate value for this state and hence a series of initial values for the individual states |φn(t0)〉. This determines the initial Hartree-Fock potential. Between time t0 to and a slightly later time t0 + Δt, the evolution equation (36) describes the effect of the external potential V1(t) on the individual kets, and allows obtaining the |φn(t0 + Δt)〉. We can then compute a new value for the Hartree-Fock potential, and use it to extend the computation of the evolution of the |φn(t)〉 until a later time t0 + 2Δt. Proceeding step by step, we can obtain this evolution until the final time t1. For the approach to be precise, Δt must be small enough for the Hartree-Fock potential to change only slightly from one time step to another.
Another possibility is to proceed as in the search for the stationary states. We start from a first family of orthonormal kets, now time-dependent, and which are not too far from the expected solution over the entire time interval; we then try to improve it by successive iterations. Inserting in (21) the first series of orthonormal trial functions, we get a first approximation of the Hartree-Fock potential and its associated dynamics. We then solve the corresponding equation of motion, with the same initial conditions at t = t0, which yields a new series of orthonormal functions. Using again (21), we get a value for the Hartree-Fock potential, a priori different from the previous one. We start the same procedure anew until an acceptable convergence is obtained.
Applications of this method are quite numerous, in particular in atomic, molecular, and nuclear physics. They allow, for example, the study of the electronic cloud oscillations in an atom, a molecule or a solid, placed in an external time-dependent electric field (dynamic polarisability), or the oscillations of nucleons in their nucleus. We mentioned in the conclusion of Complement Exv that the time-independent Hartree-Fock method is sometimes replaced by the functional density method; this is also the case when dealing with time-dependent problems.
In concluding this complement we underline the close analogy between the Hartree-Fock theory and a time-independent or a time-dependent mean field theory. In both cases the same Hartree-Fock potential operators come into play. Even though they are the result of an approximation, these operators have a very large range of applicability.
1 1 The notation where the differential operator d/dt is written between a bra and a ket means that the operator takes the derivative of the ket that follows (and not of the bra just before).
2 2 If we integrate by parts the first term rather than the second, we get the complex conjugate of equation (10), which brings no new information.
3 3 For the normalization of to be conserved to first order, it is necessary (and sufficient) for the scalar product to be zero or purely imaginary. If this is the case, the Lagrangian multiplier λ(t) is not needed
4 4 If in (15) we set , we see that obeys the differential equation obtained by replacing λ(t) by in (15). If we simply choose for α(t) the integral over time of the function λ(t), this constant will disappear from the differential equation.
5 5 The same argument as above, but starting from the variation δS — iδ′S, would lead to the complex conjugate of (8), and hence to the same equation.
Complement GXV Fermions or Bosons: Mean field thermal equilibrium
1 1 Variational principle 1-a Notation, statement of the problem 1-b A useful inequality 1-c Minimization of the thermodynamic potential
2 2 Approximation for the equilibrium density operator …. 2-a Trial density operators 2-b Partition function, distributions 2-c Variational grand potential 2-d Optimization
3 3 Temperature dependent mean field equations 3-a Form of the equations 3-b Properties and limits of the equations 3-c Differences with the zero-temperature Hartree-Fock equations (fermions) 3-d Zero-temperature limit (fermions) 3-e Wave function equations
Understanding the thermal equilibrium of a system of interacting identical particles is important for many physical problems: conductor or semiconductor electronic properties, liquid Helium or ultra-cold gas properties, etc. It is also essential for studying phase transitions, various and multiple examples of which occur in solid and liquid physics: spontaneous magnetism appearing below a certain temperature, changes in electrical conduction, and many others. However, even if the Hamiltonian of a system of identical particles is known, calculation of the equilibrium properties cannot, in general, be carried to completion: these calculations present real difficulties in the handling of state vectors and interaction operators, where non-trivial combinations of creation and annihilation operators