Numerical Weather Prediction and Data Assimilation. Petros Katsafados

      1  Cover

      2  Preface

      3  Introduction

      4  1 The Primitive Equations 1.1. Wind forecast equations (conservation of momentum) 1.2. Continuity equation (conservation of mass) 1.3. Temperature forecast equation (conservation of energy) 1.4. Moisture forecast equation (conservation of water vapor) 1.5. Synopsis of equations

      5  2 Solving Methods in NWP Models 2.1. Decomposition of variables – the perturbation method 2.2. Numerical solutions of partial differential equations 2.3. Time splitting

      6  3 Domain Structures and Boundary Conditions 3.1. Horizontal grid structure and resolution 3.2. The vertical coordinate system 3.3. Boundary conditions 3.4. Design of a simulation

      7  4 Introduction to Data Assimilation 4.1. Successive correction methods 4.2. Least square method 4.3. Variational approach 4.4. Generalization of the methods

      8  5 Desert Dust Modeling 5.1. Dust uptake mechanisms formulation 5.2. Dust advection and deposition 5.3. Parameterization of the dust feedbacks on climate

      9  6 Simulations of Extreme Weather and Dust Events 6.1. Case study 1: numerical simulation of a Mediterranean cyclone and its sensitivity on lower boundary conditions 6.2. Case study 2: nowcasting an extreme precipitation event 6.3. Case study 3: seasonal predictability of a large-scale heat wave 6.4. Numerical study of a severe desert dust storm over Crete

      10  Appendices Appendix 1 Appendix 2

      11  References

      12  Index

      13  End User License Agreement

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1. Formulae of acceleration due to stress in all directionsTable 1.2. Formulae of stresses in all directionsTable 1.3. Formulae of resultant acceleration due to stress in all directions

      2 Chapter 5Table 5.1. Trimodal size distribution of sources (source: DʼAlmeida 1987; Zender...Table 5.2. Complex refractive index for several atmospheric elements at waveleng...

      3 Chapter 6Table 6.1. List of the simulations and their SST characteristicsTable 6.2. Cyclone central MSLP (hPa) as estimated in the numerical simulations....Table 6.3. List of LAPS simulations characteristics including background fields ...Table 6.4. Records of near-surface maximum temperatures at four meteorological s...

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. The direction of centripetal acceleration. The distance between the ...Figure 1.2. A schematic representation of the pressure gradient force (x-compone...Figure 1.3. Two spherical masses (the Earth and an atmospheric element) whose ce...Figure 1.4. Vertical profile of the fluid flow between the fixed lower plate and...Figure 1.5. A differential volume element of fluid with sides declared with δx, ...Figure 1.6. Schematic representation of the relation between the true and the mo...Figure 1.7. Variation of the Coriolis force (ms^–2) in accordance with the latitu...Figure 1.8. The influence of a counterclockwise rotating sphere (Earth) to the r...Figure 1.9. Schematic representation of a fixed differential volume element and ...Figure 1.10. A schematic representation of a box of gas as it changes in size, d...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Finite difference approximations at a point on a continuous functionFigure 2.2. The discretized domainFigure 2.3. Schematic representation of a rectangular grid on two horizontal dim...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Example of unstaggered grid (top) and staggered grid (bottom), in th...Figure 3.2. Various types of rectangular grids (two horizontal dimensions) accor...Figure 3.3. Schematic representation of coordinate surfaces for (a) z-coordinate...Figure 3.4. Schematic representation of the Eta coordinate systemFigure 3.5. Schematic representation of σ-coordinate surfaces, as defined by equ...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Schematic of the current