Introduction to Statistical Process Control. Muhammad Amir Aslam

Introduction to Statistical Process Control - Muhammad Amir Aslam


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calculate the area Z ≥ − 1.23, we proceed by identifying the area on the normal curve as given in Figure 1.4.

      The standard normal distribution has the following important properties:

      1 The cumulative area for the Z‐score equal to −3.49 is close to 0.

      2 The cumulative area for the Z‐score increases as the value of Z‐score increases.

      3 The cumulative area for the Z‐score equal to 0 is 0.50.

      4 The cumulative area for the Z‐score equal to 3.49 is close to 1.

Graph displaying a standard normal curve (bell-shaped), with a shaded area between two vertical lines at z = −2.00 and z = 1.50. The shaded area has a value of 0.9104.

      Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=Standard+normal+curve&safe=strict&rlz=1C1CHBD_enSA905SA905&sxsrf=ALeKk038CFj1c5F9mxFymaEMSjV1xUEkzA:1592774965148&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=PAgPMxS8fXpb_M%253A%252CrrsoLwiuhUAKeM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_−kQqYcq7FaH5CrTe620‐F‐8cvWw6Bg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjdr4SQ7ZPqAhVRPJoKHQTVC50Q_h0wAXoECAcQBg&biw=1280&bih=631#imgrc=PAgPMxS8fXpb_M:

       Student's t‐Distribution

      Another most commonly used probability distribution is the Student's t‐distribution, which was discovered by the English statistician William Sealy Gossett (1876–1937), when he published his paper with the pseudonym, “Student.” This distribution is used for the estimation of the population mean when a sample of v assumed to be normally distributed from that population. If x is a random variable, then the heavy tailed symmetrical t‐distribution is defined as

equation

      with mean zero and variance images

      As v increases, the Student's t‐distribution tends to a normal (0, 1) distribution.

       Gamma Distribution

      Yet another important probability distribution commonly used in the literature of the control charts for non‐normal random variables is the Gamma distribution. The probability distribution of the Gamma distribution can be defined as

equation

      with the scale parameter β > 0 and the shape parameter α > 0.

      The mean and variance of the Gamma distribution are

equation equation

      respectively (Montgomery, 2009).

      Discrete Probability Distributions

       Binomial Probability Distribution

      Let a process consists of a set of n independent trials. Here the term independent means that any outcome is not affected by the previous outcome whether it had occurred or not. Here we define any outcome as either success or failure. Suppose that the probability of success is denoted by p, p belongs to the interval (0,1), and the probability of failure is denoted by q = 1 − p, then the binomial probability distribution can be defined as

equation

      where n is the total number of independent trials and x is a binomial random variable ranging from 0 to n. This distribution has only two parameters n and p. The distribution is symmetric when images, the distribution is positively skewed if images, and it is negatively skewed if images.

       Poisson Probability Distribution

No. of defective items Probability No. of defective items Probability
0 0.27850098 6 0.00037604
1 0.37977406 7 0.00002930
2 0.23304317 8 0.00000150
3 0.08474297 9 0.00000005
4 0.02022275 10 0.00000000
5 0.00330918 Total 1.00000000

      The mean and standard deviation of the binomial distribution are np = 1.2 and images = 1.264911, respectively.

No. of defective items
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