The ESD Control Program Handbook. Jeremy M. Smallwood
to the key concepts and terminology in the field, it is also likely to be used to revise or clarify the meaning of terms during reading of other chapters. This is why the definitions and terminology has been provided together in one chapter rather than being defined and explained as required during the remainder of the book. Chapter 2 then explains in more detail the principles that underlie ESD control work.
Chapter 3 discusses ESD susceptible devices, and how ESD susceptibility of a component is measured. The range of ESD susceptibility of components, and current trends in ESD susceptibility are reviewed. The topic of failure analysis as it is applied to ESD failed components is outlined. Some case studies of ESD failures from the literature are briefly described.
Chapter 4 describes the “seven habits of a highly effective ESD program.” This is a way of explaining the essential activities of an effective ESD control program, that the author has used in ESD training work for many years. If these activities are effectively and habitually implemented, it is likely that an ESD control program will be, and remain, effective. If any one of them is neglected, it is likely the effectiveness of the ESD control program will eventually suffer.
Most basic ESD control techniques and standards mainly address manual handling of ESD susceptible devices, components, and assemblies. Chapter 5 extends the discussion to ESD control in automated systems, processes and handling, which form a major part of modern electronic manufacture.
Chapter 6 explains the approach and requirements given by the IEC 61340‐5‐1 and ANSI/ESD S20.20 ESD control standards at the time of writing. These standards are continually updated as time goes on, and so the reader is advised check for current versions available at the time of reading.
Chapter 7 gives an overview of the equipment and furniture commonly used in ESD control and commonly specified for use in an electrostatic discharge protected area (EPA) to control common ESD risks. The chapter explains how these often work together as part of a system and must be specified with that in mind.
ESD protective packaging is one of the most misunderstood areas of ESD control. ESD packaging is now available in an extraordinary range of forms from bags to boxes and bubble wrap to tape and reel packaging for automated processes. The principles and practice of ESD protective packaging are explained in Chapter 8. This is a deep and constantly developing subject in itself, and this chapter can barely do more than give an introduction to it.
The thorny question of how to evaluate an ESD control program is addressed in Chapter 9 with a goal of compliance with a standard as well as effective control of ESD risks and possible customer perceptions.
Whilst evaluating an existing ESD control program provides challenges, developing an ESD control program from scratch provides others. Chapter 10 gives an approach to this.
ESD control product qualification and compliance verification is an essential part of an ESD control program. Standard test methods have been developed and specified to go with compliance with ESD control standards. These are explained in Chapter 11. The ESD control program may also need to use control measures and equipment that are not currently specified in the standards. Some examples of test methods that may be used with these are also given in this chapter.
ESD Training has long been recognized as essential in maintaining effective ESD control. Chapter 12 discusses this in more detail. It describes some demonstrations and techniques which the author has used to help trainees understand static electricity, ESD and static control in practice.
Finally, Chapter 13 attempts to look at where ESD control may go in the near future.
References
1 Amerasekera, A. and Duvvury, C. (2002). ESD in Silicon Integrated Circuits, 2e. Wiley. ISBN: 0 470 49871 8.
2 Industry Council on ESD Target Levels (2010a) White paper 2: A case for lowering component level CDM ESD specifications and requirements. Rev. 2.0. http://www.esdindustrycouncil.org/ic/en/documents/6-white-paper-2-a-case-for-lowering-component-level-cdm-esd-specifications-and-requirements [Accessed: 10th May 2017]
3 Industry Council on ESD Target Levels (2010b) White paper 3: System Level ESD Part I: Common Misconceptions and Recommended Basic Approaches. Rev. 1.0 http://www.esdindustrycouncil.org/ic/en/documents/7-white-paper-3-system-level-esd-part-i-common-misconceptions-and-recommended-basic-approaches [Accessed: 10th May 2017]
4 Industry Council on ESD Target Levels (2011) White paper 1: A case for lowering component level HBM/MM ESD specifications and requirements. Rev. 3.0. Available from: http://www.esdindustrycouncil.org/ic/en/documents/37-white-paper-1-a-case-for-lowering-component-level-hbm-mm-esd-specifications-and-requirements-pdf [Accessed: 10th May 2017]
5 Johnson, H. and Graham, M. (1993). High Speed Digital Design – A Handbook of Black Magic. Prentice Hall. ISBN: 0 13 395724 1.
6 Lin N, Liang Y, Wang P. (2014) Evolution of ESD process capability in future electronics industry. In: 15th Int. Conf. Elec. Packaging Tech.
7 Montrose, M. (2000). Printed Circuit Board Design Techniques for EMC Compliance, 2e. Wiley Interscience/IEEE Press. ISBN: 0 7803 5376 5.
8 Reliability Analysis Center (1979). Electrical Overstress/Electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings. EOS‐1. Griffiss AFB, NY: Reliability Analysis Center.
9 Reliability Analysis Center (1980). Electrical Overstress/Electrostatic Discharge Symposium Proceedings. EOS‐2. Griffiss AFB, NY: Reliability Analysis Center.
10 Smallwood J., Taminnen P., Viheriaekoski T. (2014) Paper 1B.1. Optimizing investment in ESD Control. In: Proc. EOS/ESD Symp. EOS‐36.
11 Wang, A.Z.H. (2002). On‐Chip ESD Protection for Integrated Circuits. Klewer Academic Press.
12 Welker, R.W., Nagarajan, R., and Newberg, C. (2006). Contamination and ESD Control in High‐Technology Manufacturing. Wiley‐Interscience/IEEE Press. ISBN‐10: 0 471 41452 2 ISBN‐13: 978 0 471 41452 0.
13 Williams, T. (2007). EMC for product designers, 4e. Newnes. ISBN‐13: 978‐0750681704 ISBN‐10: 0750681705.
Further Reading
1 Danglemeyer, T. (1999). ESD Program Management, 2e. Springer. ISBN: 0‐412‐13671‐6.
2 ESD Association (2014) ANSI/ESD S20:20‐2014. ESD Association Standard for the Development of an Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for – Protection of Electrical and Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment (excluding Electrically Initiated Explosive Devices). Rome, NY, EOS/ESD Association Inc.
3 ESD Association. (2016) ESD Association Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Technology roadmap, revised 2016. Available from: https://www.esda.org/assets/Uploads/docs/2016ESDATechnologyRoadmap.pdf