Biostatistics Decoded. A. Gouveia Oliveira

      1  Cover

      2  Title Page

      3  Copyright Page

      4  Preface

      5  1 Populations and Samples 1.1 The Object of Biostatistics 1.2 Scales of Measurement 1.3 Central Tendency Measures 1.4 Sampling 1.5 Inferences from Samples 1.6 Measures of Location and Dispersion 1.7 The Standard Deviation 1.8 The n − 1 Divisor 1.9 Degrees of Freedom 1.10 Variance of Binary Variables 1.11 Properties of Means and Variances 1.12 Descriptive Statistics 1.13 Sampling Variation 1.14 The Normal Distribution 1.15 The Central Limit Theorem 1.16 Properties of the Normal Distribution 1.17 Probability Distribution of Sample Means 1.18 The Standard Error of the Mean 1.19 The Value of the Standard Error 1.20 Distribution of Sample Proportions 1.21 Convergence of Binomial to Normal Distribution

      6  2 Descriptive Studies 2.1 Designing a Research 2.2 Study Design 2.3 Classification of Descriptive Studies 2.4 Cross‐sectional Studies 2.5 Inferences from Means 2.6 Confidence Intervals 2.7 Statistical Tables 2.8 The Case of Small Samples 2.9 Student's t Distribution 2.10 Statistical Tables of the t Distribution 2.11 Inferences from Proportions 2.12 Statistical Tables of the Binomial Distribution 2.13 Sample Size Requirements 2.14 Longitudinal Studies 2.15 Incidence Studies 2.16 Cohort Studies 2.17 Inference from Incidence Studies 2.18 Standardization 2.19 Time‐to‐Event Cohort Studies 2.20 The Actuarial Method 2.21 The Kaplan–Meier Method 2.22 Probability Sampling 2.23 Simple Random Sampling 2.24 Replacement in Sampling 2.25 Stratified Sampling 2.26 Multistage Sampling

      7  3 Analytical Studies 3.1 Objectives of Analytical Studies 3.2 Measures of Association 3.3 Odds, Logits, and Odds Ratios 3.4 Attributable Risk 3.5 Classification of Analytical Studies 3.6 Uncontrolled Analytical Studies 3.7 Comparative Analytical Studies 3.8 Hybrid Analytical Studies 3.9 Non‐probability Sampling in Analytical Studies 3.10 Comparison of Two Means 3.11 Comparison of Two Means from Small Samples 3.12 Comparison of Two Proportions

      8  4 Statistical Tests 4.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses 4.2 The z‐Test 4.3 The p‐Value 4.4 Student’s t‐Test 4.5 The Binomial Test 4.6 The Chi‐Square Test 4.7 The Table of the Chi‐Square Distribution 4.8