Ecology. Michael Begon

Ecology - Michael  Begon


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Schematic illustration of the features of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. (a) ENSO from 1900 to 2017 as measured by sea surface temperature anomalies in the equatorial mid-Pacific. (b) Examples of El Niño and La Niña events as well as a neutral state in terms of sea height above average levels.

      Source: (a) Compiled from the US National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/teleconnections/enso/indicators/sst.php). (b) From the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), https://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/science/elninopdo/elnino/). (c) From https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate‐data/hurrell‐north‐atlantic‐oscillation‐nao‐index‐station‐based). (d) From http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/NAO/.

Graphs depict the abundance of three-year-old cod, Gadus morhua, in the Barents Sea is positively correlated with the value of the North Atlantic Oscillation index. The mechanism underlying the correlation (a) is suggested in (b–d). (b) Annual mean temperature increases with the NAO index. (c) The length of five-month-old cod increases with annual mean temperature. (d) The abundance of cod at age three years increases with their length at five months.

      Source: After Ottersen et al. (2001).

      2.4.2 Typical temperatures and distributions

      isotherms

Graph depicts the treelines of the worlds mountains seem to follow a common isotherm. This is 6.7 ± 0.8ºC), with very similar mean ground temperatures during the growing season across a wide range of latitudes from subarctic through equatorial areas to temperate southern hemisphere regions.

      Source: From Körner & Paulsen (2004).


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