Global Issues. Kristen A. Hite
World Bank, “Energy,” at http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/energy (both accessed July 2015); World Bank, World Development Report 2010 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2010), p. xx.
32 31 World Development Indicators database, December 17, 2018 revision at http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/povDuplicateWB.aspx (accessed December 2018).
33 32 UNDP, Human Development Report 2004, p. 132.
34 33 The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, “Rural‐Urban Disparities and Dynamics and the Millennium Development Goals,” Global Monitoring Report 2013 (2013) at https://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934‐1327948020811/8401693‐1355753354515/8980448‐1366123749799/GMR_2013_Full_Report.pdf p85 (accessed December 2018).
35 34 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), “Non‐Tariff Measures to Trade: Economic and Policy Issues for Developing Countries” (2013), pp. vii–viii, at http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20121_en.pdf (accessed July 2015).
36 35 Ibid.
37 36 See, e.g., the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act webpage at http://www.recovery.gov/arra/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx (accessed July 2015).
38 37 This framework derives from Alan Wolfe’s classification of the three main views of development. He presented his ideas in a paper titled “Three Paths to Development: Market, State, and Civil Society,” which was prepared for the International Meeting of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) and United Nations System Agencies held in 1991 in Rio de Janeiro. Some of his views on this subject are contained in his book Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989). In this book, we have adapted Wolfe’s framework as Market, State, and a Blended Approach.
39 38 Censuses in Brazil have revealed that the percentage of national income going to the top 10 percent of the population was 40 percent in 1960, 47 percent in 1970, and 51 percent in 1980. During the same period the poorest 50 percent of the population received 17 percent of the national income in 1960, 15 percent in 1970, and 13 percent in 1980. Thomas E. Skidmore and Peter H. Smith, Modern Latin America, 2nd edn (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 180. In Latin America as a whole in the 1980s the poorest 10 percent suffered a 15 percent drop in their share of income. See UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, p. 39.
40 39 For a fuller discussion of dependency theory see Bruce Russett and Harvey Starr, World Politics: The Menu for Choice, 2nd edn (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1985), ch. 16; and John T. Rourke, International Politics on the World Stage, 7th edn (New York: Dushkin/McGraw‐Hill, 1999), p. 400.
41 40 “Global 500,” Fortune Magazine (July 20, 2009). Stacy VanDeveer, “Consuming Environments: Options and Choices for 21st Century Citizens,” in Beyond Rio+20: Governance for a Green Economy (Boston: Boston University, 2011), pp. 43–51.
42 41 “Global 500,” Fortune Data Store (2018) at http://fortune.com/global500/list/filtered?non‐us‐cos‐y‐n=true (accessed December 2018). “FAQ: How many U.S. companies are in the FORTUNE Global 500 List? There are approximately 130 U.S. companies that appear in the FORTUNE Global 500 List. Most of these companies also appear in the FORTUNE 500 List.”
43 42 While it does not deal with the areas of the world described as “developing nations,” Victoria de Grazia’s Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through 20th Century Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005) explores how US political and commercial power combined to create and export new consumer habits in Europe, and is an enlightening look at how cultural, commercial, and economic power can interact.
44 43 Frederic S. Pearson and J. Martin Rochester, International Relations: The Global Condition in the Twenty‐First Century, 4th edn (New York: Random House, 1998), p. 499.
45 44 See, e.g., H. Dunning, “Governments and the Macro‐Organization of Economic Activity: An Historical and Spatial Perspective,” Review of International Political Economy, 4 (1) (1997), p. 45.
46 45 See, e.g., David Levi‐Faur, “Friedrich List and the Political Economy of the Nation‐State,” Review of International Political Economy, 4 (1) (1997), pp. 154–78.
47 46 Marcus Noland, “Six Markets to Watch: South Korea,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 2014), at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/south‐korea/2013‐12‐06/six‐markets‐watch‐south‐korea (accessed July World Trade Statistical Review 2018, p27, at https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/statis_e/wts2018_e/wts2018_e.pdf (accessed December 2018).
48 47 For a good discussion of the potential for globalization doing good or harm see “Overview: Globalization with a Human Face,” in UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, pp. 1–13.
49 48 Peter F. Drucker, “Trade Lessons from the World Economy,” Foreign Affairs (January/February 1994), p. 104.
50 49 UNDP, Human Development Report 2003 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 6. For example, many types of crime dropped in the United States during its recent long period of economic growth, and during the decade of the 1990s “the number of hungry people [in the world] fell by nearly 20 million.
51 50 World Bank, World Development Report 2005, p. 31.
52 51 World Bank data, “Internet Users (per 100 people),” at http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.NET.USER.P2 (accessed July 2015).
53 52 Roberto A. Ferdman, “4.4 Billion People around the World still don’t have Internet. Here’s Where they Live,” The Washington Post (October 2, 2014), at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/02/4‐4‐billion‐people‐around‐the‐world‐still‐dont‐have‐internet‐heres‐where‐they‐live/ (accessed January 2020)
54 53 World Trade Organization, Report shows sharp rise in the coverage of trade‐restrictive measures from WTO members (December 11, 2018), at https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/trdev_11dec18_e.htm