Global Issues. Kristen A. Hite

Global Issues

3.12 Population structure by gender and age‐group, annual 2018 3.13 Distribution of the world’s population by age and sex, 2017 3.14 Percentage of population in broad age groups for the world and by region, 2017 3.15 Young children and older people as a percentage of global population: 1950 to 2050 3.16 Fertility decline in world regions in terms of number of children per woman by region from 1950 to 2100 (projected) 3.17 Increases in modern contraceptive use in selected countries, by percentage of women 3.18 A growing population and carrying capacity 4.1 Contribution of agriculture as share of Gross Domestic Product, 2012 (percent) 4.2 Correlation between consumption of animal products and GDP per capita in developing countries 4.3 Number of Earths required to sustain global population, 1960–2050 (scenarios) 4.4 Main drivers of food system transformation 5.1 Global energy consumption, 1850–2000 (twentieth‐century development model) 5.2 World energy consumption by source, 1990–2040 (in quadrillion BTUs) 5.3 Crude oil spot market prices 2000–2020 5.4 Global energy supply 5.5 Global fossil fuel production in select countries (2016) 5.6 China’s primary energy consumption 5.7 Global nuclear production from 1971 to 2012 6.1 Global carbon dioxide emissions from human activity 6.2 Climate impacts to agricultural production, by region and crop 6.3 Globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature anomaly 9.1 Countries with nuclear weapons capacity 10.1 Number of planetary limits exceeded when meeting basic needs

Maps

4.1	The Mediterranean
8.1	China
9.1	Borneo and Indonesia
9.2	Africa

Tables

2.1	Global extreme poverty rate
3.1	Time taken to add each billion to the world population, 1800–2046 (projection)
3.2	Ten largest cities in the world, 1990, 2014, 2050 (projection)
4.1	Percentage of undernourished people by region
4.2	Number and size of US farms, 1940–2010
4.3	Percentage of adults overweight and obese (various countries)
5.1	Top world oil producers, 2017
5.2	US gasoline prices, 1950–2017
5.3	Per capita and total electricity consumption by region of the world, 2016

Acknowledgements

This edition benefited from the substantial research contributions of Brian Farrell (Wealth and Poverty), Monika Shepard (Population), Jason Farr (Food), Carlos Saavedra (Energy), Katherine Liljestrand (Natural Resources and Pollution), and Liz Schmitt (Technology and Sustainable Futures). We would like to thank the following reviewers who made useful suggestions for improving this edition: Dr Laté Lawson‐Lartego, Amanda Davis Edwards, Ed.D. Brian Farrell, Justin Vaughan, Merryl Le Roux, Liz Wingett, Caroline McPherson, and Rajalakshmi Nadarajan.We would also like to thank Wofford College, both for providing author John Seitz with an office and for supporting the development and teaching of Global Issues as a semester‐long course, which enabled author Kristen Hite to take the class from Dr Seitz in the late 1990s and orient towards the subjects covered in this book.

Introduction

The Creation of Global Issues

What causes an issue to become a “global issue”? Are “global issues” the same as international affairs – the interactions that governments, private organizations, and peoples from different countries have with each other? Or is something new happening in the world? Are there now concerns and issues that are increasingly being

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