Carpentry Made Easy - The Science and Art of Framing - With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires. William E. Bell
Good Carpenters.
They had, by habit, acquired the use of tools, and could perform a job of work after it had been laid out for them; but not more than one man in ten could himself lay out a frame readily and correctly.
Why Apprentices do not Learn.
Now, it is not commonly because apprentices are unwilling to learn, or incapable of learning, that this is so, but it is because they have not the adequate instruction to enable them to become master-workmen. Their masters are very naturally desirous to appropriate their services to their own best advantage; and that is often apparently gained by keeping the apprentice constantly at one branch of his business, in which he soon becomes a good hand, and is taught but little else; and when his time is his own, and he comes to set up business for himself, then he is made to feel his deficiencies. Should he have assistants and apprentices in his turn, he would be unable to give them proper instruction, even were he well disposed to do so—for he can teach them nothing more than what he knows himself.
In this condition, the young mechanic applies to books to assist him to conquer the mysteries of his Art; but he has not been able hitherto to find a work adapted to his wants. He anxiously turns the pages of ponderous quarto and folio volumes; he is convinced of the prodigious learning of the authors, but he is not instructed by them. On the one hand, their practical directions and rules are too meagre; and, on the other hand, their mathematical reasoning is too technical to yield our young working-man any real benefit or satisfaction. May not these faults be remedied? Is it not possible for instruction to be given, which shall be at once simple and practical in detail, and comprehensible and demonstrative in mathematical reasoning?
Design of this Work.
An attempt has been made, in this little work, to answer these questions affirmatively; and thus to supply a positive want, and to occupy a new field in the literature of Architecture. Its design is to give plain and practical rules for attaining a rapid proficiency in the Art of Carpentry; and also to prove the correctness of these rules by mathematical science.
Importance of Geometry to Carpenters.
No certain and satisfactory knowledge of framing can be gained without a previous acquaintance with the primary elements of Arithmetic and Geometry. It is presumed that a sufficient knowledge of Arithmetic is possessed by most mechanics in this country; but Geometry is not so commonly understood. It is not taught in our District Schools, and is looked upon as beyond the capacity of common minds. But this is a mistake. To mechanical minds, at least, the elements of Plane Geometry are so easily taught, that they seem to them to be almost self-evident at the first careful perusal; and mechanics have deprived themselves of much pleasure, as well as profit, in not having made themselves masters of this science.
Geometry in this Work.
Part I. is therefore devoted to so much of the Science of Geometry as is essential to the complete demonstration and thorough understanding of the Science and Art of Carpentry; and it is recommended to all mechanics into whose hands this volume may fall, to give their days and nights to a careful study of this part of the work. It is true that our rules and instructions in Carpentry are so plain and minute, that they are available to those who do not care to study Geometry at all; but the principles on which those rules are founded, and consequently the reasons why the rules are as they are, cannot, from their very nature, be made plain and intelligible to any one except by a course of geometrical reasoning.
New Rules of Carpentry.
Part II. comprises the main body of the work, and is devoted particularly to the framing of buildings. The rules for obtaining the bevels of rafters, joists, braces, &c., as explained in this part of the work, it is believed, have never been published before. That such bevels could be so found has been known, for several years past, among master-builders; and, to a limited extent, has by that means been made public; but this feature of the work will, no doubt, be new and useful to some mechanics who have followed the business for years, and will be especially useful to apprentices and young journeymen who have not yet completed their mechanical education.
They are Proved and Explained.
These rules have been here demonstrated by a new and rigid course of geometrical reasoning; so that their correctness is placed beyond doubt. The demonstrations are often given in foot-notes and in smaller print, so as not to interrupt the descriptive portion of the work, nor appall those who are not mechanically learned, by an imposing display of scientific signs and technical terms. In fact, it has been made a leading object, in the preparation of this work, to convey correct mechanical and scientific principles in simple language, stripped as much as possible of all technicalities, and adapted to the comprehension of plain working-men.
Bridge Building.
Part III. comprises a brief practical treatise on the framing and construction of Bridges, with bills of timber and iron given in detail, by the use of which intelligent carpenters can construct almost any kind of a bridge. This part of the work does not, however, make any special claims to new discoveries, or to much originality; nor is it intended to supersede the use of those works specially devoted to Bridge Building; but it is believed it will be found more practically convenient and simple than some others of more imposing bulk and of higher price.
Valuable Tables.
Part IV. contains a valuable collection of Tables, showing the Lengths of Rafters, Hip Rafters, Braces, &c., and also the weights of iron, the strength of timber, &c., &c., which will be found of the greatest convenience, not only to common mechanics but to professional designers, architects, and bridge builders. Some of these tables have been compiled from reliable sources; but the most important of them have been calculated and constructed, at a considerable amount of expense and labor, expressly for this work.
Plates and Illustrations.
Nor has any expense been spared in the preparation of the plates and illustrations, which are “got up” in the highest style of the art; and it is hoped, and confidently expected, that the work, as a whole, will prove to be satisfactory and remunerative equally to the Public and to their
Humble and obedient servant,
THE AUTHOR.
PART I.
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