A Literary & Historical Atlas of America. J. G. Bartholomew
Villegagnon, 1555; Portuguese and Dutch in possession in turns; latter driven from, 1654; Portuguese court take refuge from Napoleon at Rio, 1807; independence declared and Pedro I. crowned emperor, 1822; war with Paraguay, 1865–70; emancipation of slaves, 1885; country revolts against Pedro's son and declares itself a republic, 1889; revolt of fleet and civil war, 1893–5; campaigns against Indians (Jaguncos), 1897; attempt to assassinate President Barros, 1897; disturbances continue. (See Darwin, 'Voyage of Beagle.')
Brier Creek, Georgia. 32N. 81W. Americans defeated by English under Gen. Prevost 1779 (W. of Ind.).
British Columbia (formerly New Caledonia). 49N. 114W. Cook off, 1778; coast explored by Vancouver during voyage of 1793–5; in 1858 it received its present name, and in 1871 was incorporated with the dominion of Canada.
Brook Farm, West Roxbury, near Boston, Mass. 42N. 71W. Association at organised by G. Ripley and Dr. Channing, 1841; among its members and the visitors to B. Farm were Hawthorne, Dana, Margaret Fuller, W. H. Channing, Emerson, Alcott, Brownson, Miss Peabody (the 'Miss Birdseye' of H. James's 'Bostonians'), etc.; Fourierism was adopted by the community in 1843, and in 1847 the community broke up. (See Hawthorne's 'Blithedale Romance.')
Brooklyn Heights, Long Island, N.Y. 40N. 73W. Occupied by British, 1776. (See Long Island, battle of.)
Brown, Fort, Rio Grande, Texas. 25N. 97W. Defended by Brown against attack on by Mexicans, 1846 (Mex. W.).
Buena Vista, near Saltillo, Mexico. 25N. 101W. Defeat of Santa Ana, 1846 (Mex. W.).
Buenos Ayres, province, Argentine. 34S. 58W. Independence proclaimed, 1816; separated from other provinces, 1853; rejoined, 1860; La Plata made the capital, 1882.
Buenos Ayres, cap. of Argentine Republic since 1882, formerly cap. of province. 34S. 60W. F. by Mendoza, 1535; Spaniards driven from by Indians, 1539; re-colonised, 1580; attacked by English and Portuguese, 1763; taken by English under Admiral Popham and Beresford, who were soon forced to surrender, 1806; two days' fighting in streets ending in defeat of English under Whitelocke, 1807; blockaded by French and English, 1835 (see Argentine). (See Darwin, 'Voyage of the Beagle.')
Buffalo, Erie, N.Y. 42N. 78W. Taken and destroyed by British and Indian allies, 1813; Pan-American Exhibition, 1901.
Buffington Island (St. George's Creek), Ohio. Capture of Confederate raiders under Morgan, 1863 (Civil W.).
Bull Run, near Manassas Junction, Virginia. 38N. 77W. Victories of Confederates, 1861 and 1862 (battle of Groveton).
Bunker Hill, Charlestown, Mass. 42N. 71W. First great battle of the W. of Ind., fought actually on Breed's Hill, in which the Americans gained a substantial victory, 1775.
Burburata, Venezuela. Sir John Hawkins at, trading in slaves, 1565.
Burlington, New Jersey. 40N. 74W. F. by Quakers, 1677. Bp. of James Fenimore Cooper (1789–1851).
Burnt Corn Creek, near Pensacola. 50N. 37W. Victory of McQueen and his Indians over Caller's force, 1813 (Creek W.).
Bushy Run, about 25 miles from Fort Pitt (q.v.). Victory of Bouquet over the Indians, 1763. (See Parkman, 'Conspiracy of Pontiac.')
Buzzard's Bay, Mass. 41N. 70W. Early trading station of the Plymouth Fathers.
Cabo de la Vela, Colombia. 12N. 74W. Furthest point reached by Ojeda, who was the first to sight this cape, 1499.
Cahokia, St. Claire Co., Illinois. 38N. 90W. Pontiac, Indian chief, killed in wood near, 1769 (see Parkman, op. cit.); prehistoric mounds near.
Caimanera, Cuba. 19N. 75W. Engagement between Americans and Spaniards, latter finally driven from their camp, 1898.
Cajamarca (Caxamarca), Peru. 6S. 79W. The Inca Atahuallpa treacherously made prisoner and his followers massacred by Pizarro, 1532; the Inca executed, 1533. (See Prescott 'Peru,' op. cit.).
California, Gulf of. 28N. 112W. Expedition of Narvaez to, 1527; explored by Cortés and his generals, 1528–35; reached by Cabeza de Vaca and survivors of expedition, the first explorers to cross the American continent, during their nine years' wanderings, 1527–36; Ulloa in, 1539; Alarçon, 1540; Viscayno. 1596.
California, Lower, Mexico. 28N. 113W. Discovered by Grijalva, 1534; taken possession of by Spaniards, 1602; colonised by Jesuits, 1642; part of Mexico since 1823.
California, Upper, U.S. 37N. 120W. Coast explored by Cabrillo, 1542; taken possession of by Drake for Elizabeth, and named by him 'New Albion,' 1578; expedition to, under Viscayno, 1602–5; colony in settled by Spaniards, 1698; coast explored by Vancouver, 1793; revolted from Spain, 1823; exploring expedition under Frémont, 1844; ceded by Mexico to U.S., 1848; admitted to Union, 1850; decides against joining Confederates, 1860.
Callao, Peru. 12S. 77W. Known to early Spanish founders as Ciudad de los Reyes: former town destroyed by tidal wave, 1746: last stronghold in Peru held by Spaniards, who capitulated, 1826; Spanish fleet defeated off, 1866; bombarded by Chilians, 1882.
Cambridge, Mass. 42N. 71W. F. 1631, and originally named Newtown; Harvard University f. 1636; first printing press in U.S. set up by Day, 1638; the 'Bay Psalm Book,' first book printed in English America, 1640; first president of Harvard, Henry Dunster, 1640–54; theological constitution known as the 'Cambridge Platform' framed at synod, 1646–8; congress for re-organising army, at which Franklin and Washington assisted, 1775; Washington here took command of the continental army, 1775. Bp. R. H. Dana, poet and essayist (1787–1879); Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–94); James Russell Lowell (1819–91); res. Lowell, Longfellow (see Mount Auburn).
Cambridgeport, Mass. (now part of Cambridge). 42N. 71W. Bp. of S. Margaret Fuller (Marchioness d'Ossoli), drowned off Long Island (1810–50).
Camden, S. Carolina. 34N. 80W. English victory under Cornwallis, 1780; engagement near, between Gen. Greene and Lord Rawdon, 1781; evacuated by English, 1781 (W. of Ind.).
Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tennessee. 36N. 83W. Federals forced to withdraw from, after repelling Confederates, 1863 (Civil W.).
Campeche, Yucatan, Mexico. 19N. 90W. Discovered by Cordova, 1517; Spaniards settled at, 1539; taken by English, 1659; by the buccaneer Louis Scot, 1678; and again by buccaneers, 1685.
Campeche Bay, Gulf of Mexico. 20N. 93W. Cortés sails down, 1519.
Canada (New France). 46N. 55W. The Cabots discover Labrador and Newfoundland, 1497, 1498; further discoveries by the Cortereals, 1500, 1501; Verazzani in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 1524; explored by Cartier, 1534, who was the first to sail up the St. Lawrence, 1535; small French colony planted by Roberval, 1541; voyages of exploration and discoveries by Champlain, founder of Quebec, 1602–35; taken by the English, 1759–60; finally ceded to, by Treaty of Paris, 1763; divided into Upper and Lower, 1791; in 1840 reunited and known as East and West; Confederate Dominion formed, 1867; original provinces joined in 1870 by the N.W. Territories; in 1871 by British Columbia, and in 1873 by Prince Edward Island.
Canelas (Land of Cinnamon). 25N. 105W. Gonzalo Pizarro in, during his expedition into Quito, 1540–2.
Cape Breton Island. 46N. 60W. Probably discovered by Cabot, 1497; settled by French, 1712; ceded to England by Peace of Paris, 1763; incorporated with Nova Scotia, 1819.
Cape Desolation, Greenland. 61N. 48W. So named by Davis, 1585.
Cape Farewell, Greenland. 60N. 44W. Davis off, 1585.
Cape Horn, S.A. 55S. 68W. Rounded by Magalhaes, 1520; sighted by Drake, 1578.
Cape Mercy, Cumberland, Baffin Land. 64N. 64W.