The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Эдвард Гиббон
of the Batavians. Tacit. Germanis, c. 29.
Ref. 098
Marcus Antoninus obliged the vanquished Quadi and Marcomanni to supply him with a large body of troops, which he immediately sent into Britain. Dion Cassius, l. lxxi. .
Ref. 099
Tacit. Annal. iv. 5. Those who fix a regular proportion of as many foot, and twice as many horse, confound the auxiliaries of the emperors with the Italian allies of the republic. [See Appendix 4.]
Ref. 100
Vegetius, ii. 2. Arrian, in his order of march and battle against the Alani.
Ref. 101
The subject of the ancient machines is treated with great knowledge and ingenuity by the Chevalier Folard (Polybe, tom. ii. p. 233-290). He prefers them in many respects to our modern cannon and mortars. We may observe that the use of them in the field gradually became more prevalent, in proportion as personal valour and military skill declined with the Roman empire. When men were no longer found, their place was supplied by machines. See Vegetius, ii. 25. Arrian.
Ref. 102
Vegetius finishes his second book, and the description of the legion, with the following emphatic words: “Universa quæ in quoque belli genere necessaria esse creduntur, secum legio debet ubique portare, ut in quovis loco fixerit castra, armatam faciat civitatem.”
Ref. 103
For the Roman Castrametation, see Polybius, l. vi. [27 et sqq.] with Lipsius de Militiâ Romanâ, Joseph. de Bell. Jud. l. iii. c. 5. Vegetius, i. 21-25, iii. 9, and Mémoires de Guichard, tom. i. c. 1.
Ref. 104
Cicero in Tusculan, ii. 37 . — Joseph. de Bell. Jud. l. iii. 5. Frontinus, iv. 1.
Ref. 105
Vegetius, i. 9. See Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions, tom. xxv. p. 187.
Ref. 106
See those evolutions admirably well explained by M. Guichard, Nouveaux Mémoires, tom. i. p. 141-234.
Ref. 107
Tacitus (Annal. iv. 5) has given us a state of the legions under Tiberius; and Dion Cassius (l. lv. p. 794 ) under Alexander Severus. I have endeavoured to fix on the proper medium between these two periods. See likewise Lipsius de Magnitudine Romanâ, l. i. c. 4, 5. [On the author’s procedure here, see Appendix 4. On the Prætorian Guards see below, p. 133.]
Ref. 108
The Romans tried to disguise, by the pretence of religious awe, their ignorance and terror. See Tacit. Germania, c. 34.
Ref. 109
Plutarch. in Marc. Anton . And yet if we may credit Orosius, these monstrous castles were no more than ten feet above the water, vi. 19. [They had two ranks of oars.]
Ref. 110
See Lipsius, de Magnitud. Rom. l. i. c. 5. The sixteen last chapters of Vegetius relate to naval affairs. [See Appendix 5.]
Ref. 111
Voltaire, Siècle de Louis XIV, c. 29. It must, however, be remembered, that France still feels that extraordinary effort.
Ref. 112
[This list of the provinces is incomplete. For full list see Appendix 6.]
Ref. 113
[Bætica was divided from Tarraconensis by the saltus Castulonensis.]
Ref. 114
See Strabo, l. ii. [Rather iii. p. 166.] It is natural enough to suppose, that Arragon is derived from Tarraconensis, and several moderns who have written in Latin use those words as synonymous. It is, however, certain, that the Arragon, a little stream which falls from the Pyrenees into the Ebro, first gave its name to a country, and gradually to a kingdom. See d’Anville, Géographie du Moyen Age, p. 181.
Ref. 115
One hundred and fifteen cities appear in the Notitia of Gaul; and it is well known that this appellation was applied not only to the capital town, but to the whole territory of each state. But Plutarch and Appian increase the number of tribes to three or four hundred.
Ref. 116
D’Anville, Notice de l’Ancienne Gaule. [These frontier districts received their names when the true province of Germany, between Rhine and Elbe, which had been won by Drusus, was lost by the defeat of Varus in 9 ad]
Ref. 117
Whitaker’s History of Manchester, vol. i. c. 3.
Ref. 118
[A rampart from the Clyde to the Forth built in the reign of Antoninus Pius by the prefect Lollius Urbicus. For this wall see Stuart’s Caledonia.]
Ref. 119
[We shall find late Greek historians calling the Genoese Ligurians (Λιγοόριοι). It sounds odd, but serves to remind us that the great city of Liguria did not preserve the ancient name of the territory like her eastern rival, the great city of Venetia.]
Ref. 120
The Italian Veneti, though often confounded with the Gauls, were more probably of Illyrian origin. See M. Freret, Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions, tom. xviii.
Ref. 121
See Maffei, Verona illustrata.
Ref. 122
The first contrast was observed by the ancients. See Florus, i. 11. The second must strike every modern traveller.
Ref. 123
Pliny (Hist. Natur. l. iii. ) follows the division of Italy, by Augustus.
Ref. 124
Tournefort, Voyages en Grèce et Asie Mineure, lettre xviii.
Ref. 125
The name of Illyricum originally belonged to the sea-coast of the Adriatic, and was gradually extended by the Romans from the Alps to the Euxine Sea. See Severini Pannonia, l. i. c. 3.
Ref. 126
A Venetian traveller, the Abbate Fortis, has lately given us some account of those very obscure countries. But the geography and antiquities of the western Illyricum can be expected only from the munificence of the emperor, its sovereign. [See Mr. Jackson’s work entitled Dalmatia, the Quarnero, and Istria.]
Ref. 127
The Save rises near the confines of Istria, and was considered by the more early Greeks as the principal stream of the Danube.
Ref. 128
[Thrace is Eastern Roumelia; Macedonia and Greece, Western Roumelia. Since Greece became independent, one hears less of Western Roumelia, but the name is still applicable to Macedonia; Greece has severed her connection with the usurped inheritance of New Rome. Only the Eastern Roumelia will as a rule be found marked on maps. See Appendix 7.]
Ref. 129
See the Periplus of Arrian. He examined the coasts of the Euxine, when he was governor of Cappadocia.