The Cost of Free Shipping. Группа авторов
broader movement in which solidarity can and must extend across company lines. At the same time, the ruthless exploitation and oppression of its workforce are producing the sparks that can ignite worker resistance throughout its system that, ironically, just might make Amazon’s own slogan “Work Hard, Make History” a reality with which Jeff Bezos had not reckoned.
NOTES
1. Brad Stone, The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon (London: Corgi Books, 2013), p. 243.
2. Scott Galloway, The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google (London: Corgi Books, 2017), p. 41.
3. Natalie Berg and Miya Knights, Amazon: How the World’s Most Relentless Retailer Will Continue to Revolutionize Commerce (London: Kogan Page, 2019), p. 232.
4. Daniel P. Bearth, “Is Amazon a Logistics Company?” Transport Topics, April 8, 2019, www.ttnews.com/articles/amazon-logistics-company-all-signs-point. Accessed April 19, 2020.
5. Galloway, The Four, p. 31.
6. Berg and Knights, Amazon, pp. 14–15.
7. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K AMAZON.COM INC. For fiscal year ended December 31, 2018, p. 36; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K AMAZON.COM INC. For fiscal year ended December 31, 2010, p. 37; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, form 10-K, WALMART INC., For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2019, p. 32.
8. Jesse LeCavalier, The Rule of Logistics: Walmart and the Architecture of Fulfillment (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016), passim; Stone, Everything Store, p. 207.
9. Edna Bonachich and Jake B. Wilson, Getting the Goods: Ports, Labor, and the Logistics Revolution (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008), pp. 96–101; Marc Levinson, The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), pp. 266–267; LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, p. 4.
10. World Bank, Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.SHP.GOOD.TU?view=chart; World Bank, Air transport, freight (million ton-km), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.GOOD.MT.K1?view=chart; World Bank, Railways, goods transported (million ton-km), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.GOOD.MT.K6?view=chart. Accessed April 20, 2020.
11. Peter Frankopan, The New Silk Roads: The Present and the Future of the World (London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018), pp. 89–100.
12. U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Freight Activity in the United States, Table 1-58, 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017, www.bts.gov/content/freight-activity-united-states-1993-1997-2002-and 2012. Accessed April 20, 2020.
13. Bureau of Labor Statistics, “Warehousing and Storage: NAICS 493,” Industries at a Glance, June 21, 2019, https://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/print.pl/iag/tgs/iag493.htm. For a summary of this growth, see Kim Moody, “Labour and the Contradictory Logic of Logistics,” Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 13(1) (Spring 2019): 79–95.
14. Yossi Sheffi, Logistics Clusters: Delivering Value and Driving Growth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012), p. 147.
15. LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, p. 50.
16. Bearth, “Is Amazon a Logistics Company?”
17. Transport Topics, “Top 100 For-Hire Carriers,” 2018, www.ttnews.com/top100/for-hire/2018; Transport Topics, “Top 50 Logistics,” 2019, www.ttnews.com/top50/logistics/2019. Accessed April 20, 2020.
18. Sheffi, Logistics Clusters, p. 159.
19. Moody, “Labour,” p. 80.
20. Datacenter.com, “locations,” 2019, www.datacenter.com/locations; Cloudscene, “Data Centers in the United States 2019,” https://cloudscene.com/market/data-centers-in-united-states/all. Accessed April 20, 2020.
21. LeCavalier, Rule of Logistics, pp. 98–100, passim.
22. MWPVL International, Amazon Global Fulfillment Center Network, January 2020, www.mwpvl.com/html/amazon_com.html Accessed April 20, 2020. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Form 10-K, WALMART INC, Year ending January 31, 2019, p. 25.
23. Martin Christopher, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, 5th edition (Harlow, UK: Pearson, 2016), pp. 135–153; Sheffi, Logistics Clusters, pp.108–111.
24. Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Introduction to the Critique of Political Economy (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books 1973), p. 524.
25. Statista Research Department, “Annual Net Revenue of Amazon from 2004 to 2018,” Statista, May 7, 2019, www.statista.com/statistics/266282/annual-net-revenue-of-amazoncom/. Accessed April 20, 2020.
26. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 51.
27. Marx, Grundrisse, pp. 533–534.
28. Karl Marx, Capital, Volume II (Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books, 1978), pp. 226–227.
29. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 4. This figure does not include temporary workers employed at seasonal peaks who in the U.S. number about 100,000.
30. Galloway, The Four, p. 183; U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, AMAZON.COM, 2018, p. 67.
31. MWPVL International, Amazon Global, January 2020.
32. Terri Cullen, “Amazon Plans to Spend $700 Million to Retrain a Third of its US Workforce in New Skills,” CNBC, July 11, 2019, www.cnbc.com/2019/07/11/amazon-plans-to-spend-700-million-to-retrain-a-third-of-its-workforce-in-new-skills-wsj.html. Accessed April 20, 2020; Amazon, “Our Workforce Data,” December 31, 2018, www.aboutamazon.com/working-at-amazon/diversity-and-inclusion/our-workforce-data. Accessed April 20, 2020; For the racialization of the workforce, see Jake Alimahomed-Wilson, “Unfree shipping: The racialization of logistics labour,” Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 13(1) (Spring 2019): 96–113.
33. MWPVL International, Amazon Global, January 2020; Sara Salinas, “Amazon Raises Minimum Wage to $15 for All US Employees,” CNBC, October 2, 2018, www.cnbc.com/2018/10/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-to-15-for-all-us-employees.html.