Violent Manhood. J. E. Sumerau
Schrock, Sumerau, and Ueno, “Sexualities”; Schwalbe and Mason-Schrock, “Identity Work”; and Wolkomir, Be Not Deceived.
10.
For those unfamiliar with this reference, Dreadnought is a transgender superheroine and Harry Potter type of character in a young adult series of novels by April Daniels. She is also someone trans girls and women like myself may look up to and emulate and admire, like many people do with other superhero or fantasy characters. I could have utilized any number of characters from literature that children and adults emulate in the formation of identities (e.g., Harry Potter, religious figures in books deemed sacred by a given tradition, Superman), but I chose this one specifically as it is a character people like me admire and emulate but is less known to cisgender audiences.
11.
For examples from this literature, see Smith and Cragun, “Mapping Religion’s Other”; Sumerau and Cragun, “I Think Some People Need Religion”; Zuckerman, “Atheism, Secularity, and Well-Being”; and Zuckerman, Living the Secular Life.
12.
For the importance and relative absence of the topic of sex construction and assignment processes in society, see, for example, Davis, Contesting Intersex; Karkazis, Fixing Sex; Simula, Sumerau, and Miller, Expanding the Rainbow; and Sumerau and Mathers, America through Transgender Eyes.
13.
See again Pascoe and Bridges, Exploring Masculinities.
14.
See Sumerau, Barringer, and Cragun, “I Don’t Need a Shotgun,” for discussion of such scripts and representations in society.
15.
See again Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts,” and Sumerau and Mathers, America through Transgender Eyes, for discussion on this point.
16.
West and Zimmerman, “Doing Gender”; see also Garfinkel, Studies in Ethnomethodology; Goffman, “The Arrangement”; Moon, Tobin, and Sumerau, “Alpha, Omega”; and Ridgeway, Framed by Gender.
17.
Thorne, Gender Play; see also Pascoe, Dude, You’re a Fag.
18.
See again Pascoe and Bridges, Exploring Masculinities, and Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts,” for reviews of this literature. See also the sources in notes 5, 6, and 7.
19.
Goffman, “The Arrangement.”
20.
Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts,” p. 289.
21.
See also Ezzell, “I’m in Control”; Schrock, McCabe, and Vaccaro, “Narrative Manhood Acts”; Sumerau, “That’s What a Man”; and Sumerau, Padavic, and Schrock, “Little Girls,” for more examples.
22.
See again Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity”; Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts”; Sumerau, “That’s What a Man.”
23.
Goffman, Stigma, p. 128.
24.
See, for example, Sumerau, “That’s What a Man”; Sumerau, Barringer, and Cragun, “I Don’t Need a Shotgun”; and Sumerau, Cragun, and Smith, “Men Never Cry.”
25.
Sumerau, “That’s What a Man.”
26.
See Anderson, Code of the Street; Ezzell, “I’m in Control”; Lee, Blowin’ Up; and Sumerau, “That’s What a Man,” for reviews and examples.
27.
Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts.”
28.
See Adams, Narrating the Closet; Goffman, Frame Analysis; Goffman, Interaction Ritual; Goffman, Presentation of Self; Goffman, Stigma; Lee, Blowin’ Up; Martin, “Mobilizing Masculinities”; Mathers, “Bathrooms, Boundaries, and Emotional Burdens”; Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts”; Schrock, Sumerau, and Ueno, “Sexualities”; Sumerau, “Embodying Nonexistence”; Sumerau, “I See Monsters”; and Sumerau, “That’s What a Man,” for similar observations in specific contexts of everyday social life.
29.
For examples and reviews, see Acker, “Inequality Regimes”; Cottom, Lower Ed; Dellinger, “Masculinities in ‘Safe’ and ‘Embattled’ Organizations”; Ezzell, “I’m in Control”; Martin, Rape Work; Ridgeway, Framed by Gender; Schilt and Westbrook, “Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity”; Schrock and Schwalbe, “Men, Masculinity, and Manhood Acts”; Schwalbe, Godwin, Holden, Schrock, Thompson, and Wolkomir, “Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality”; West and Zimmerman, “Doing Gender”; and Westbrook and Schilt, “Doing Gender, Determining Gender.”
30.
See, for example, Boyle, “Sexual Assault and Identity Disruption”; Branch and Richards, “The Effects of Receiving a Rape Disclosure”; Browne and Williams, “Gender, Intimacy, and Lethal Violence”; Corzine and Huff-Corzine, “Racial Inequality and Black Homicide”; Dellinger, “Masculinities in ‘Safe’”; Garland, Branch, and Grimes, “Blurring the Lines”; Garland, Policastro, Branch, and Henderson, “Bruised and Battered”; Huff-Corzine, Sacra, Corzine, and Rados, “Florida’s Task Force Approach to Combat Human Trafficking”; Lanier and Huff-Corzine, “American Indian Homicide”; Martin, “Mobilizing Masculinities”; Martin, Rape Work; Navarro and Jasinski, “Going Cyber”; Prokos and Padavic, “An Examination of the Competing Explanations for the Pay Gap”; Richards and Branch, “The Relationship between Social Support and Adolescent Dating Violence”; and Taylor and Jasinski, “Femicide and the Feminist Perspective.”
31.
At present, these fields often operate in isolation from one another, but at the same time they often speak to similar patterns in criminological (see note 30 for examples) and gender studies (see note 6 for examples), terms, and theoretical debates.
32.
See the methodological appendix for more information.
33.
The men I interviewed were equally split (25 each) on religious/non-religious identification.
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