Finding Jesus in the Storm. John Swinton

Finding Jesus in the Storm - John Swinton


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one with a profound impact on a person’s life not only in how the person’s experiences are described and explained but also in how the person is perceived in the light of the professional and social interpretations of that particular diagnosis. Martin, however, reminds us that the clinical description “bipolar disorder,” important as it may be, is only one description among many that apply to the life of any given person. Human beings do not live according to a single description. We live under multiple descriptions, some of them accurate, some of them not, but all of them significant in their potential to affect our identity (who we are, who we think we are, who others think we are), our perception (how we and others perceive ourselves), and our actions in relation to others and toward ourselves.

      The conflict over terms occurs because culture, medicine, religion, personality, and the zeitgeist all shape and form particular descriptions and explanations of mental health phenomena and then offer ways of naming, controlling, and responding to people’s experiences. Of course, more than one description can apply to any given experience. It is quite possible, for example, to argue that factors in mental health challenges are biological and cultural and spiritual—all at the same time. Nevertheless, we give certain descriptions more social and clinical power than others. At least part of the theological task of this book is to peel away those descriptions that are false, distracting, unfaithful, and damaging and replace them with ones that more accurately capture the nuances of people’s experience.

      Descriptions are thus identity forming, action oriented, and action determining. To repeat, the ways in which we describe the world determine what we think we see. What we think we see determines how we respond to what we see. How we respond determines the faithfulness of our actions. Descriptions matter because descriptions change things.

      As we enter the world of mental health, it will quickly become clear that thin descriptions abound, both within public conceptions of people’s experiences and within the mental health professions. In what follows, I examine four key areas where thin descriptions have become particularly problematic:

      1 Stigma

      2 The DSM diagnostic system

      3 The turn to biology

      4 The field of spirituality in mental health care

      We find a particularly powerful and devastating example of a thin description and its dangers in the phenomenon of stigma. Stigma is one of the most destructive aspects of living with unconventional mental health experiences and one of the most painful experiences that people have to endure. Stigma occurs when a person is reduced from being a whole to being a mere part; from being a full human being to being the sum of a single part. The sociologist Erving Goffman informs us that the concept of stigma originated in the Greek slave trade. After a slave was purchased, the slave was branded and, in branding, was reduced (or thinned down) to the size of the brand. The slave was no longer described as a person, a citizen, a friend, or a family member but was now simply property. Stigma functions in the area of mental health in a very similar way. Stigma reduces people living with unconventional mental health problems to the shape and form of their diagnosis, or more accurately, to people’s perceptions and caricatures of the implications of their diagnosis. In this way, stigma thins down or reduces people’s descriptions to impersonal caricatures based on the connotations of their diagnoses. People cease to be perceived as persons and become “schizophrenics,” “depressives,” “neurotics,” or any other thin diagnostic facade that people choose to project when they don’t want to engage with real individuals.

       A Spoiled Identity


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