Delft Design Guide -Revised edition. Annemiek van Boeijen
In later stages, alternative formats come into play, such as graphic design, movies, animations, and CAD renders, which usually need to be preceded by sketches as well.
Throughout the entire design process, design drawing can serve as a visual language for exploring options and communicating final or intermediate outcomes. Drawing can facilitate thinking, boost creativity, kick-start conversations, and explain concepts. Drawing can be done on paper or a tablet; it offers flexibility and adds the designer’s signature to a proposal, and it is universally understood.
perspectives
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‘Have no fear of perfection -- you’ll never reach it.’
salvador Dali
models
Models are descriptive in nature. That is, they describe how design happens. For example, the Basic Design Cycle describes how designers fundamentally think while designing. A model offers a generic description of design activity, often in a non-normative manner.
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51 Integrated Creative Problem Solving
53 Needs and Aspirations for Design & Innovation
41
Physico chemical form
Intensive Properties
Extensive Properties
Functions
Needs
Values
geometrical form
mode and conditions
of use
Spring
Ball
Groove
Push button
Bottom part of body
Reservoir
Top part of body
Analysis (deductive reasoning)
Synthesis (abductive reasoning)
form
• forms
• materials
• colours
• sizes
• textures .
properties
• weight
• stiffness
• colour
• comfort
functions
• transfer ink to paper
• display brand name
(intended functions)
• fixate hairdo
(alternative function).
needs
• expression
• communication
values
• profits
• education
• status
How? You can use the model in several ways, such as structuring your thoughts, communicating with others during the design process, generating questions, and structuring insights from research. The model is described as follows:
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Form: The geometrical and material form of a product is specified in its design. The parts that make up a design are realised in the production process.
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Properties: Due to its form, a product has certain properties, such as weight and stiffness. Properties describe the expected behaviour of a product under certain circumstances, and they can be intensive or extensive. Intensive properties are completely determined by the material of a part, such as its weight. This kind of properties and the geometrical form determine the extensive properties. For example, both the material used and the geometrical
form determine the strength of a component. As a designer, you would typically focus on the extensive properties, as they are the most direct component in determining the functioning of a product. We need to remember that these properties have both desirable and less desirable consequences. For example, steel is stiff and durable, but it is heavy and also rusts, while aluminium is light and does not corrode, but it is less stiff. The art of designing is to give the product a geometrical form such that the product still has the desired extensive properties along with its intensive ones.
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Function: Properties and functions both describe the behaviour of things. Statements on properties are objectively true or false. For functions, this is not necessarily so: Functions express what a design is made for, and
while these depend on the intentions of the designer, they also depend on the preferences, objectives, and goals of users. The designer of a ballpoint pen may have kept specific functions in mind, such as the need to transfer the ink to the paper or that the pen should display the brand name. Users may have considered the alternative functions of a pen, such as its ability to keep a hairdo in place. As we can see, functions can have a variety of traits – they can be technical, ergonomic, aesthetic, semantic, economic, societal, and more.
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Needs and Values: Through their functions, products can satisfy the needs of users and realise values. For example, a ballpoint pen can help individuals satisfy their need of expressing themselves in writing