An Introduction to Evaluation. Chris Fox
either be developed before the start of the programme (prospective) or ‘reconstructed’ by the evaluator (retrospective). The different situations will dictate the way in which a TOC will be applied and used.
Further Reading
Carol Weiss was instrumental in developing the theory of change approach as we now understand it. A good introductory article is:
Weiss C (1995) ‘Nothing as practical as good theory: exploring theory-based evaluation for comprehensive community initiatives for children and families’, in Connell JP, Kubisch AC, Schorr LB and Weiss CH (eds) New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods and Contexts. Washington, DC: Aspen Institute.
Blamey and Mackenzie provide a good overview of the difference between theories of change and theory-led evaluation in the form of realist evaluation:
Blamey A and Mackenzie M (2007) ‘Theories of change and realistic evaluation: peas in a pod or apples and oranges?’, Evaluation 13: 439—55.
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