Encyclopedia of Glass Science, Technology, History, and Culture. Группа авторов
Source: After [3].
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A last feature deserving to be mentioned is the “universal” dependence of the light scattering intensity on the time after a temperature jump in the glass transition range of oxide glasses, which is known as the Bokov effect [33]. The intensity displays a maximum whose height and location on the timescale depends on the previous history of the glass. The Bokov effect is associated with nonequilibrium fluctuations produced by coupling between hydrodynamic modes. Detailed investigations in the past decade have demonstrated that similarities observed in the glass transition region of oxides and polymers account for structural transformations related to the formation of spatially extensive structures, which in turn could be related to clustering effects similar to that envisaged by CPT and other similar models. The Bokov effect thus is providing additional arguments to characterize the glass transition as a second order like phase transformation rather than simply as a slowing down of dynamic processes.
7 Perspectives
Understanding vitrification mechanisms is of great importance either practically or theoretically. Although progress made in this respect has been very impressive, many of the questions remain unresolved. Among them, a central one is that of the glass transition itself, which has a pronounced relaxational, kinetic character in spite of its similarity with a second‐order phase transition in the Ehrenfest sense with volume and entropy continuity, but discontinuities of their derivatives that are used in practice to detect Tg. Discussion about the nature of glass continues. After some lull it has gathered new momentum, especially in the second decade of the new century as the microscopic mechanisms generating the glassy state of matter are still debated. Future developments could be based on computer modeling that does also show the appearance of discontinuities in derivative thermodynamic parameters at the glass transition.
Acknowledgements
The author acknowledges help and advice from R. Doremus, V.L. Stolyarova, P. Poluektov, E. Manykin, W.E. Lee, P. James, R.J. Hand, K.P. Travis, G. Moebus, J.M. Parker, A. Varshneya, O.V. Mazurin, M. Liska, J. Marra, C.M. Jantzen, R. Tournier, C.A. Angell, and D.S. Sanditov.
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Note
1 Reviewers:R. Hand, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UKV. Stolyarova, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
3.2 Thermodynamics of Glasses
Jean‐Luc Garden and Hervé Guillou
CNRS, Institut Néel and Université de Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
1 Introduction
Thermodynamics states that the properties of a system in equilibrium depend neither on time nor on past history. Glasses clearly violate this postulate. Not only do their properties depend on history but they also vary with time at temperatures at which relaxation toward internal thermodynamic equilibrium does occur, but at a rate slow enough to be observable at the timescale