The 2003 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency
aid from India and other nations
Currency:
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Currency code:
BTN; INR
Exchange rates:
ngultrum per US dollar - 48.61 (2002), 47.19 (2001), 44.94 (2000),
43.06 (1999), 41.26 (1998)
Fiscal year:
1 July - 30 June
Communications Bhutan
Telephones - main lines in use:
6,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
NA
Telephone system:
general assessment: NA
domestic: domestic telephone service is very poor with few
telephones in use
international: international telephone and telegraph service is by
landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 0, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:
37,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations:
0 (1997)
Televisions:
11,000 (1997)
Internet country code:
.bt
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
NA
Internet users:
2,500 (2002)
Transportation Bhutan
Railways: 0 km
Highways: total: 3,690 km paved: 2,240 km unpaved: 1,450 km (1999 est.)
Waterways:
none
Ports and harbors:
none
Airports:
2 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Military Bhutan
Military branches:
Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia, Royal Bhutan
Police, Forest Guards
Military manpower - military age:
18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15–49: 530,860 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15–49: 283,493 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 22,755 (2003 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$9.3 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
1.9% (FY02)
Transnational Issues Bhutan
Disputes - international:
approximately 100,000 Bhutanese refugees living in Nepal, 90% of
whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees
camps, place decades-long strains on Nepal
This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003
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@Bolivia
Introduction Bolivia
Background:
Bolivia, named after independence fighter Simon BOLIVAR, broke away
from Spanish rule in 1825; much of its subsequent history has
consisted of a series of nearly 200 coups and counter-coups.
Comparatively democratic civilian rule was established in the 1980s,
but leaders have faced difficult problems of deep-seated poverty,
social unrest, and drug production. Current goals include attracting
foreign investment, strengthening the educational system, resolving
disputes with coca growers over Bolivia's counterdrug efforts,
continuing the privatization program, and waging an anticorruption
campaign.
Geography Bolivia
Location:
Central South America, southwest of Brazil
Geographic coordinates:
17 00 S, 65 00 W
Map references:
South America
Area:
total: 1,098,580 sq km
water: 14,190 sq km
land: 1,084,390 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly less than three times the size of Montana
Land boundaries:
total: 6,743 km
border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km,
Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Terrain:
rugged Andes Mountains with a highland plateau (Altiplano), hills,
lowland plains of the Amazon Basin
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Rio Paraguay 90 m
highest point: Nevado Sajama 6,542 m
Natural resources:
tin, natural gas, petroleum, zinc, tungsten, antimony, silver,
iron, lead, gold, timber, hydropower
Land use: arable land: 1.73% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 98.06% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land:
1,280 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
flooding in the northeast (March-April)
Environment - current issues:
the clearing of land for agricultural purposes and the
international demand for tropical timber are contributing to
deforestation; soil erosion from overgrazing and poor cultivation
methods (including slash-and-burn agriculture); desertification;
loss of biodiversity; industrial pollution of water supplies used
for drinking and irrigation
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity,