English Economic History: Select Documents. Various
1224.
The assize comes to recognise if Bartholomew son of Eustace unjustly and without a judgment disseised William son of Henry of his free tenement in Pilton after the last, etc. And Bartholomew comes and says that the assize ought not to be made thereof because the said William held the tenement only in villeinage, and is his villein, and does for him all customs such as ploughings and others, and says further that he cannot marry his daughter save by his lord's licence etc.
And William son of Henry comes and says that he is a free man and that he holds his tenement freely and that at another time he impleaded in the court of the lord the King as a free man touching the aforesaid tenement, to wit, touching the services and the like, and thereof he brings the rolls of Sir Martin de Patteshull to warrant and likewise a writ which the same Martin wrote with his own hand, which also was sent to the sheriff of Rutland for the same plea, and the sheriff's clerk has shown him the writ, etc. A day is given to hear his judgment on such a day, etc.
On the day the court records at Westminster that the same William in the time of King John was convicted at Bedford of owing villein customs from that tenement, such as ploughing, reaping and many others at his own food, and of being unable to marry his daughter or sister without licence of his lord. And so it is decided that the assize of novel disseisin does not lie because the tenement is not free, and so William is in mercy. And if he will, let him plead in the manor by writ of right.
15. Claim to be on Ancient Demesne defeated [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 250, No. 1237], 1237–8.
The men of the Prior and convent of St. Swithin of Crondall, Hurstbourne and Whitchurch, complained to the lord the King that whereas they had been granted to the same Prior and convent and their church in pure and perpetual alms by the ancestors of the lord the King, the Prior and convent demanded of them other customs and services than they used to do in the times in which they were in the hands of the aforesaid predecessors, etc.
And Oliver the Steward and Horder come and say that they demand no other services than the men used and ought to do, and that the lands were never in the hands of the ancestors of the lord the King, because two hundred years before the conquest of England they were given to the Prior and Convent of St. Swithin and by others than Kings, to wit, earls and others, etc., and then they owed and used to do whatever was commanded them. But in process of time, when the priory was well nigh destroyed by one Abbot Robert,[140] bishop Richard came and for the profit of the Prior and convent disposed of their lands and manors in such wise that he caused an inventory to be made of the holdings and of the names of the tenants and their services, as well tenants in villeinage as in frank fee, and so that he demanded no other services than they did then and were then set forth in the inventory. Afterwards however when the lands were in the hand of farmers at one time and at one time in the hand of the aforesaid villeins for forty years,[141] the farmers remitted to them certain services and customs for money. And when the lands were in the hand of the aforesaid villeins they detained and withheld the rent to the sum of 60s. and more, and also a great amount of corn, and withheld a great amount of the lands contrary to the aforesaid enrolment made by the aforesaid bishop Richard. And because the aforesaid men acknowledge that they are villeins, as is aforesaid, and because they cannot deny these things, they are told to do to the Prior and convent the services and customs which they used to do. And the lord the King will not meddle with them since they were never in the hand of him or his ancestors, etc.
[140] 1174–1188.
[141] For a similar lease to tenants see No. 5.
16. The Little Writ of Right [Court Rolls, 172, 27], 1390.
Richard by the grace of God King of England and France and Lord of Ireland to the bailiffs of Anne, Queen of England, our beloved Consort, of Havering atte Bower, greeting. We command you that without delay and according to the custom of the manor of Havering atte Bower you do (teneatis) full right to John de Lancastre of Hatfield Broadoak touching 40s. of rent with the appurtenances in Havering atte Bower, of which John Organ, citizen and mercer of London, and Margery his wife deforce him; that we may hear no further complaint thereof for default of right. Witness myself at Westminster the 30th day of January in the thirteenth year of our reign.
17. Villeinage Established [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 119, No. 1103], 1225.
A jury comes by consent of the parties [to recognise] whether William son of Henry and his ancestors held two parts of a bovate of land with the appurtenances in Pilton in villeinage of the ancestors of Bartholomew son of Eustace, doing these underwritten customs, to wit, 3s. 4d. a year of farm, and at Christmas 4 hens, and at the summons of Bartholomew, between Christmas and the Purification, one feast, and whether in Lent he ought to plough for one day at his own food, and to harrow for one day at his own food, and on Easter day to give 20 eggs, and in summer to plough for one day at the dinner of Bartholomew,[142] to reap for one day at the food of Bartholomew, to wit, twice a day, and for one day to carry his hay at the food of the same Bartholomew, and in autumn to do boon-work for Bartholomew, with his whole household except his wife, and for Bartholomew's loveboon to find a man at his own food, and in winter to plough for one day at Bartholomew's dinner, and whether, if he wish to marry his daughter or his sister, he shall make fine with Bartholomew as best he may; or whether William or his ancestors have held the land freely, rendering 3s. 4d. a year and doing foreign service for all service, etc.
The jurors say that the same William and his ancestors used and ought to do all the aforesaid customs which Bartholomew demands, to wit, from 1 bovate of land with the appurtenances, except that on Christmas day when he renders hens he ought to eat with Bartholomew on the same day, and furthermore that they never saw him sell a daughter or sister or give merchet or marry, but have seen that Bartholomew sold to Ralph Cayllard John, brother of William by the same father and mother, for 40s., and the same Ralph did with him his will.
And so it is awarded that William is convicted of villeinage, and if he will do the aforesaid customs, let him hold the bovate of land by the same customs, but if not, let Bartholomew do his will with the land and with William as with his villein, and let him be delivered to him.
[142] i.e. Bartholomew providing dinner.
18. Freedom and Freehold Established [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 224, No. 1210], 1236–7.
The assize comes to recognise if Thomas de Sumerdeby and many others disseised Roger Gladewine of his free tenement in Spitelgate after etc.,[143] whereof he complains that they disseised him of 2½ acres and a toft.
And Thomas and the others come and say that the same Roger is a villein and the tenement whereof view is made is villeinage, and thereof they put themselves on a jury. And Roger says that he is a free man and the tenement is free, and that his ancestors were free men and held freely, and thereof he puts himself on a jury.
The jurors say that the aforesaid Roger holds his tenement in the same town by 2s. a year and by two works in autumn at his lord's food, and he shall give two hens at Christmas and eat with his lord. And questioned if he or any of his ancestors had given merchet for marrying his daughter, they say, No. Questioned if he had ever been tallaged, they say, No. And the aforesaid Thomas, questioned if others of his fee do other villein services, he says that others do all manner of villein services. And because he does no service save the aforesaid money payment and the services named, nor gives merchet for a daughter, nor is tallaged, therefore it is awarded that he held freely and that he recover his seisin, and Thomas and the others are in mercy.