The Study of Celtic Folklore, Mythology & Dogma. John Arnott MacCulloch
boastful Kei of the romances appears already in Kulhwych, while in Geoffrey he is Arthur's seneschal.440 Nobler traits are his in later Welsh poetry; he is a mighty warrior, fighting even against a hundred, though his powers as a toper are also great. Here, too, his death is lamented.441 He may thus have been a god of war, and his battle-fury may be poetically described in a curious passage referring to him in Kulhwych: "His breath lasted nine days and nine nights under water. He could remain without sleep for the same period. No physician could heal a wound inflicted by his sword. When he pleased he could make himself as tall as the tallest tree in the wood. And when it rained hardest, whatever he carried remained dry above and below his hand to the distance of a handbreadth, so great was his natural heat. When it was coldest he was as glowing fuel to his companions."442 This almost exactly resembles Cúchulainn's aspect in his battle-fury. In a curious poem Gwenhyvar (Guinevere) extols his prowess as a warrior above that of Arthur, and in Kulhwych and elsewhere there is enmity between the two.443 This may point to Kei's having been a god of tribes hostile to those of whom Arthur was hero.
Mabon, one of Arthur's heroes in Kulhwych and the Dream of Rhonabwy, whose name, from mab (map), means "a youth," may be one with the god Maponos equated with Apollo in Britain and Gaul, perhaps as a god of healing springs.444 His mother's name, Modron, is a local form of Matrona, a river-goddess and probably one of the mother-goddesses as her name implies. In the Triads Mabon is one of the three eminent prisoners of Prydein. To obtain his help in hunting the magic boar his prison must be found, and this is done by animals, in accordance with a Märchen formula, while the words spoken by them show the immense duration of his imprisonment—perhaps a hint of his immortality.445 But he was also said to have died and been buried at Nantlle,446 which, like Gloucester, the place of his prison, may have been a site of his widely extended cult.447
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Taken as a whole the various gods and heroes of the Brythons, so far as they are known to us, just as they resemble the Irish divinities in having been later regarded as mortals, magicians, and fairies, so they resemble them in their functions, dimly as these are perceived. They are associated with Elysium, they are lords of fertility and growth, of the sea, of the arts of culture and of war. The prominent position of certain goddesses may point to what has already been discovered of them in Gaul and Ireland—their pre-eminence and independence. But, like the divinities of Gaul and Ireland, those of Wales were mainly local in character, and only in a few cases attained a wider popularity and cult.
Certain British gods mentioned on inscriptions may be identified with some of those just considered—Nodons with Nudd or Lludd, Belenos with Belinus or Beli, Maponos with Mabon, Taranos (in continental inscriptions only), with a Taran mentioned in Kulhwych.448 Others are referred to in classical writings—Andrasta, a goddess of victory, to whom Boudicca prayed;449 Sul, a goddess of hot springs, equated with Minerva at Bath.450 Inscriptions also mention Epona, the horse-goddess; Brigantia, perhaps a form of Brigit; Belisama (the Mersey in Ptolemy),451 a goddess in Gaulish inscriptions. Others refer to the group goddesses, the Matres. Some gods are equated with Mars—Camulos, known also on the Continent and perhaps the same as Cumal, father of Fionn; Belatucadros, "comely in slaughter"; Cocidius, Corotiacus, Barrex, and Totatis (perhaps Lucan's Teutates). Others are equated with Apollo in his character as a god of healing—Anextiomarus, Grannos (at Musselburgh and in many continental inscriptions), Arvalus, Mogons, etc. Most of these and many others found on isolated inscriptions were probably local in character, though some, occurring also on the Continent, had attained a wider popularity.452 But some of the inscriptions referring to the latter may be due to Gaulish soldiers quartered in Britain.
COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DIVINITIES WITH SIMILAR NAMES IN IRELAND, BRITAIN, AND GAUL.
Italics denote names found in Inscriptions.
| IRELAND. | BRITAIN. | GAUL. |
| Anextiomarus | Anextiomarus | |
| Anu | Anna (?) | Anoniredi, "chariot of Anu" |
| Badb | Bodua | |
| Beli, Belinus | Belenos | |
| Belisama | Belisama | |
| Brigit | Brigantia | Brigindu |
| Bron | Bran | Brennus (?) |
| Buanann | Buanu | |
| Cumal | Camulos | Camulos |
| Danu | Dôn | |
| Epona | Epona | |
| Goibniu | Govannon | |
| Grannos | Grannos | |
| Ler | Llyr | |
| Lug | Llew or Lleu (?) | Lugus, Lugores |
| Mabon, Maponos | Maponos | |
| Manannan | Manawyddan | |
| Matres | Matres | |
| Mider | Medros (?) | |
| Modron | Matrona (?) | |
| Nemon | Nemetona | |
| Nét | Neton | |
| Nuada | Nodons, Nudd | |
| Hael, Llûdd (?) | ||
| Ogma | Ogmíos | |
| Silvanus | Silvanus | |
| Taran | Taranis | |
| Totatis, Tutatis | Teutates |