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The Herodotus Encyclopedia

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EGM, 506–19.

3 Krauskopf, Ingrid. 1981. “Amphiaraos.” In LIMC I.1, 691–713.

4 Sineux, Pierre. 2007. Amphiaraos: guerrier, devin et guérisseur. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

5 Terranova, Chiara. 2013. Tra cielo e terra: Amphiaraos nel Mediterraneo antico. Rome: Aracne Editrice.

AMPHICAEA (Ἀμϕίκαια, ἡ)

ANGELA ZAUTCKE

University of Notre Dame

Herodotus includes Amphicaea in his list of twelve Phocian poleis in the CEPHISUS River valley (BA 55 D3; Müller I, 452–53) which were destroyed by XERXES’ invasion force, guided by the THESSALIANS, in 480 BCE (8.33). The Roman‐era author Pausanias says that Herodotus’ spelling reflects the older version; by the fourth century BCE it was called Amphicleia. Pausanius relates a local story that the city’s name was once Ophiteia as well (10.33.9–10). Little else is known of the city in the classical period.

AMPHICRATES (Ἀμϕικράτης, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

A king or magistrate of SAMOS in the ARCHAIC AGE (3.59.4). Herodotus states that when Amphicrates was basileus the Samians had campaigned against AEGINA, doing (and suffering) much damage. The only TIME frame Herodotus supplies for this is “earlier” than the events he has just narrated, which occurred c. 520 BCE. Proposed links with the “LELANTINE WAR” are tenuous; recent scholars have found a date c. 600 more likely (Carty 2015, 25–28; Figueira 1983, 21–22). It is possible that Herodotus’ term basileus refers to an eponymous magistrate of Samos, rather than a “king” in the usual sense.

REFERENCES

1 Carty, Aideen. 2015. Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos: New Light on Archaic Greece. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.

2 Figueira, Thomas. 1983. “Aeginetan Independence.” CJ 79.1: 8–29. Reprinted in Excursions in Epichoric History: Aiginetan Essays, 9–33. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1993.

AMPHICTYON (Ἀμϕικτύων, ὁ)

JEREMY MCINERNEY

University of Pennsylvania

Amphictyon was the eponymous hero who gave his name to the local federation of central Greek states, the AMPHICTYONES (“Dwellers‐Around”), who first controlled the land around THERMOPYLAE and later DELPHI. In Greek MYTH (Apollod. Bibl. 1.7.2) he was the son of Pyrrha and DEUCALION, a GENEALOGY suggesting worship by local communities who shared stories of the flood, centered on Mt. PARNASSUS. He also occurs in the early king lists of ATHENS, having married the daughter of Cranaus. There was a sanctuary of Amphictyon at ANTHELA, near Thermopylae, as well as a sanctuary of DEMETER Amphictyonis (Hdt. 7.200.2).

SEE ALSO: Cranaoi; Heroes and Hero Cult; Temples and Sanctuaries

AMPHICTYONES (Ἀμϕικτύονες, οἱ)

JEREMY MCINERNEY

University of Pennsylvania

The term Amphictyony may refer to any regional federation of communities, such as the Calaurian League, a loose political and religious grouping of towns located around the Saronic Gulf. Their representatives met at the sanctuary of POSEIDON on Poros. Herodotus applies the term to a specific confederation, the Amphictyones (“Dwellers‐Around”), that is, twelve communities of the THERMOPYLAE region. Member states included the Magnetes and PERRHAEBIANS, conquered by the Thessalians in the sixth century BCE, and the Amphictyony’s origins probably go back to at least the seventh century (McInerney 1999, 163). By the classical period the Amphictyony would include member states from the Vale of TEMPE in the north to the PELOPONNESE in the south, but originally was much more compact. Participating states met at ANTHELA, which, according to Herodotus (7.200), was a village situated on a broad strip of land between the PHOENIX RIVER and Thermopylae. Here there was a temple of DEMETER Amphictyonis, a meeting place of the Amphictyonic states (Pylaea, 7.213), and a sanctuary of the hero AMPHICTYON. The combination of tutelary deity, meeting place used by representatives of the member states, and a cult of an eponymous hero is typical of federal unions in the ARCHAIC AGE.

By no later than the mid fifth century the Amphictyony had extended its control to the south side of PARNASSUS and administered the affairs of the Panhellenic sanctuary at DELPHI. One of the two annual meetings was held there, and the Amphictyony’s control of Delphi explains the growth of the organization. Herodotus (2.180) attributes the rebuilding of the temple of APOLLO, destroyed by FIRE in 548, to the Amphictyonic states, and he reports (5.62) that the ALCMAEONIDAE, in EXILE from ATHENS, took out a contract with the Amphictyony to rebuild the temple. Famously the contract was for a building in tufa, but the Alcmaeonidae completed the façade in Parian marble.

Although they controlled the administration of Delphi, the Amphictyones remained firmly connected to their northern cult center near Thermopylae. In recounting the fate of EPHIALTES, the traitor who led the Persians around the Spartan position at Thermopylae in 480, Herodotus (7.213) refers to a meeting of the Amphictyonic states at Pylaea. He reports that the pylagoroi (the representatives of the member states) declared Ephialtes an outlaw and put a price on his head. It was while serving as a pylagoros in 340 that the Athenian orator Aeschines reported the men of AMPHISSA for cultivating the Sacred Plain below Delphi, a denunciation that led to the Fourth Sacred War. The other representatives at the Amphictyonic meetings were called hieromnēmones, a broad term often applied to officials with priestly duties. The epitaphs erected in honor of the Greeks killed at Thermopylae, including SIMONIDES’ famous epigram beginning “Go tell the Spartans,” were commissioned by the Amphictyones, according to Herodotus (7.228).

SEE ALSO: Architecture (Temples); Panhellenism; Temples and Sanctuaries; Thessaly

REFERENCE

1 McInerney, Jeremy. 1999. The Folds of Parnassos: Land and Ethnicity in Ancient Phokis. Austin: University of Texas Press.

AMPHILOCHUS (Ἀμϕίλοχος, ὁ)

CHRISTOPHER BARON

University of Notre Dame

A legendary seer, like his father AMPHIARAUS. Amphilochus fought at TROY and was credited with founding several CITIES in southeastern

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The Herodotus Encyclopedia. Группа авторов