Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials. Группа авторов
6.10 ‘Hysteresis-lines’ drawn on Lissajous plots of current and voltage f...Figure 6.11 Sensitivity versus concentrations of protein blend (Category II) alo...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Block Diagram of 1T-DRAM (MOS) [11].Figure 7.2 (a) DRAM with a sense amplifier.Figure 7.2 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.2 (c) Read ‘1’ Operation.Figure 7.2 (d) Write ‘1’ Operation.Figure 7.2 (e) Write ‘0’ Operation.Figure 7.3 CNT structure with chiral vectors.Figure 7.4 1T-DRAM memory cell with CNT-FET.Figure 7.5 Symbol for P-type 4-Terminal FinFET.Figure 7.6 Symbol for N-type 4-Terminal FinFET.Figure 7.7 (a) Block Diagram of 1T-DRAM (FinFET) with the sense amplifier.Figure 7.7 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.7 (c) Read ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.7 (d) Write ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.7 (e) Write ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.8 (a) Symbol for p-type TFET.Figure 7.8 (b) Symbol for n-type TFET.Figure 7.9 (a) Structure of 1T-DRAM (TFET) with the sense amplifier.Figure 7.9 (b) Read ‘0’ operation.Figure 7.9 (c) Read ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.9 (d) Write ‘1’ operation.Figure 7.9 (e) Write ‘0’ operation.
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Light wave analogy to show reflected and transmitted beams from a sam...Figure 8.2 PNA Network Analyzer with 85070E dielectric probe kit.Figure 8.3 Dielectric properties measurement techniques used for the agriculture...Figure 8.4 Frequency dependence of the (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) diel...Figure 8.5 Variation of (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) dielectric loss fac...Figure 8.6 Moisture variation of (a) dielectric constant (ε') and (b) dielectric...Figure 8.7 Correlation between dielectric properties and physical/chemical prope...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The first solar cell battery.Figure 9.2 Time Line for Solar cell (Ref.: Solarium.in).Figure 9.3 Constructional details of Solar cell.Figure 9.4 Construction of Solar cell with metal rings.Figure 9.5 Silicon wafers.Figure 9.6 Polycrystalline material with grain-like structure.Figure 9.7 Process employed for making multicrystalline cells.Figure 9.8 Solar cell connection in series.Figure 9.9Figure 9.10 Parallel connection of cells.Figure 9.11 Current voltage characteristics for series connection.Figure 9.12 Series parallel arrangement of solar cells.Figure 9.13 Current and voltage characteristics for parallel connection.Figure 9.14 Solar panel connections.Figure 9.15 PN Junction solar cell with resistive load.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Schematic of a typical CIGS thin film solar cell device structur...Figure 10.2 (a) The block diagram of the experimental set-up for the solar cell ...Figure 10.3 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS hetero-junction having diff...Figure 10.4 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS heterojunction heat soaked ...Figure 10.5 Light J-V characteristics of CIGS solar cell with Ag grid. Some of t...Figure 10.6 The dark J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS structure having a various ...Figure 10.7 The light J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS structure having a differe...Figure 10.8 The dark and J-V characteristics of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having ...Figure 10.9 (a) Dark and (b) Light J-V characteristics of CIGS complete solar ce...Figure 10.10 The dark J-V of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having different thickness...Figure 10.11 The J-V characteristics, (a) in dark and, (b) in light of CIGS sola...Figure 10.12 Spectral response of CIGS solar cell having different thicknesses o...Figure 10.13 The dark J-V of CIGS/CdS/i-ZnO structure having different thickness...Figure 10.14 (a) Dark, (b) light J-V characteristics of CIGS solar cell device h...Figure 10.15 Spectral response of CIGS solar cell having different thicknesses o...Figure 10.16 The photograph of a complete CIGS solar cell with the measurement p...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 SD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.2 DD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.3 Comparison of the P-V and I-V curves for SDM (Solar World Pro).Figure 11.4 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for AS-6P30 SDM.Figure 11.5 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for SW280 SDM.Figure 11.6 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 SDM.Figure 11.7 PV and IV characteristics for Solar World Pro DDM.Figure 11.8 PV and IV comparison characteristics for AS-6P30 DDM.Figure 11.9 P-V and I-V curves comparison for Solar World Plus DDM.Figure 11.10 Comparison of the PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 DDM.
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Solar power technologies.Figure 12.2 Examples of stand-alone PV system.Figure 12.3 Examples of grid connected PV system.Figure 12.4 Examples of concentrates solar power.Figure 12.5 Solar water heater.Figure 12.6 Passive solar design.Figure 12.7 A conceptual schematic of solar microgrid system.Figure 12.8 Components of solar PV systems.Figure 12.9 Types of batteries involved in PV system.Figure 12.10 Types of sensors used IoT.Figure 12.11 Controllers and communication devices used in IoT.Figure 12.12 Block diagram of remotely monitoring system.Figure 12.13 Monitoring of PV system using IoT.
13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on synchronous b...Figure 13.2 Desired load voltage and current waveform of synchronous step-up con...Figure 13.3 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on SI-DISO step-...Figure 13.4 Voltage output and current waveform of SI-DSO step up chopper.Figure 13.5 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...Figure 13.6 Circuit of multi-input step-up chopper in state-1.Figure 13.7 State-2 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.8 State-3 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.9 Generated PWM signals for power switch in multi-input boost converte...Figure 13.10 Load voltage and current waveforms of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.11 One-diode model of solar cell.Figure 13.12 PV equivalent circuit in MATLAB/SIMULINK.Figure 13.13 V-I Characteristics of PV.Figure 13.14 Generated gating pulses for power switch in chopper circuit with PV...Figure 13.15 Output voltage and current waveform of PV interfaced multi-input st...Figure 13.16 Switching pattern for the front-end rectifier.Figure 13.17 Output voltage waveform of front-end rectifier.Figure 13.18 Hardware setup of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...
14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Flow diagram of proposed hybrid methods.Figure 14.2 Selected graphical plots of the test functions.
15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 SILAR technique for the preparation of nanostructured CdS thin films...Figure 15.2 Variation of CdS thin film thickness with SILAR cycles.Figure 15.3 XRD pattern of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin fi...Figure 15.4 Raman spectra of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin ...Figure 15.5 SEM photographs of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thi...Figure 15.6 The variation of (αhν)2 against hν of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, ...Figure 15.7 Images of water contact angle of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 a...
16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Classification of solar cell.Figure 16.2 Solar PV system.Figure 16.3 Incident light on a typical pn solar cell.Figure 16.4 Single diode diagram of PV cell and practical PV equivalent circuit.Figure 16.5 IV characteristics of ideal PV cell.Figure 16.6 PV characteristics of PV practical cell.Figure 16.7 Series configuration.Figure 16.8 Parallel configuration.Figure 16.9 Series parallel configuration.Figure 16.10 Bridge linked configuration.Figure 16.11 Honeycomb (HC) type configuration.Figure 16.12 On-grid system.Figure 16.13 On Grid System with Battery Backup.Figure 16.14 Off-grid System.
17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Single-diode model.Figure 17.2 Double-diode model.Figure 17.3 Three-diode model.Figure 17.4 Different phases of Harris hawks’ optimization (HHO) [23].Figure 17.5 Convergence curve for an SD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.6 Convergence curve for an SD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.7 Convergence curve for an SD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.8 Convergence curve for a DD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.9 Convergence curve for a DD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.10 Convergence curve for a DD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.11 Convergence curve for a TD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.12 Convergence curve for a TD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.13 Convergence curve for a TD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).
18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Durant plant as boundary.Figure 18.2 Duranta golden plant.Figure 18.3 Wi-Fi analyzer.Figure 18.4 Signal strength variation at 3.45 meter.Figure 18.5 Signal strength variation at 10.0 meter.
19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Design structure of 25 layers MQWs based heterojunction solar cell.Figure 19.2 Structure of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.3 Simulated GaSb/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.4 Doping profile of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.5 I-V curve of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.6 Structure of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.7 Simulated InGaP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.8 Doping profile of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.9 I-V Curve of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.10 Structure of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.11 Simulated InP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.12 Doping profile of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.13 I-V curve of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.14