Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2. Abdelkhalak El Hami

Applications and Metrology at Nanometer-Scale 2

Figure 1.29. Heterodyne laser interferometer with cube cornersFigure 1.30. Electrical signals measured in the detection bandwidth. For a color...Figure 1.31. Elliptical polarization state and ellipsometric parameters [DAH 16]Figure 1.32. Diagram of a phase modulation ellipsometer. For a color version of ...Figure 1.33. Diagram of an ellipsometer in PCSA mode and reflected light. For a ...Figure 1.34. Reference mark and sign convention to be adopted. For a color versi...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Parallel spins. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....Figure 2.2. Antiparallel spins. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Energy diagram of a two-level quantum system: a ground state ∣...Figure 3.2. Bloch sphere of unit radius defined by a polar angle θ and an azimut...Figure 3.3. Graphical representation of the CNOT gate acting on a two-qubit regi...Figure 3.4. Schematic diagram of a quantum computation. The time goes from left ...Figure 3.5. Realization of the Deutsch algorithm in a quantum computer with a tw...Figure 3.6. Variation of the probability of the excited state population as a fu...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Deterministic optimization based on reaching a safety factor level. ...Figure 4.2. Normal physical space. For a color version of this figure, see www.i...Figure 4.3. Reliability index assessment processFigure 4.4. Comparison between the solutions of the RBDO and DDO methods. For a ...Figure 4.5. Total cost (CT), cost of failure (Cf) and initial cost of the struct...Figure 4.6. Cantilever beam in free bending mode. For a color version of this fi...Figure 4.7. 3D circular plate. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste....Figure 4.8. Amplitude of the displacement versus frequency; the area correspondi...Figure 4.9. Model of the circular plate. For a color version of this figure, see...Figure 4.10. Dimensions of the section of the hook under study. For a color vers...Figure 4.11. Finite element model of the hook. For a colorFigure 4.12. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters D1, D2, D3, D5, D6, Rc, R0 w...Figure 4.13. Sensitivity analysis of the parameters D1, D2, D3, D5, D6, Rc, R0 w...Figure 4.14. Various shapes of the optimal volume solution for the safety factor...Figure 4.15. Optimal solution shape of volume and von Mises stress. For a color ...Figure 4.16. The von Mises stress and the first mode along the X axis of the opt...Figure 4.17. Schematic cross-section of a six-layer printed circuit rFigure 4.18. Architecture of the fiber-reinforced PCB: a) overview, b) detail of...Figure 4.19. a) A laminate structure; b) types of laminates. For a color version...Figure 4.20. Main steps of the optimization process of a PCB. For a color versio...Figure 4.21. PCB cross-section and finite element mesh. For a color version of t...Figure 4.22. Iso-surfaces of the effects of the volume ratio and the fiber orien...Figure 4.23. Evolution of the orientation angle (a) and the volume ratio of fibe...Figure 4.24. Evolution of the ratio between the thickness of FR4 and the copper ...Figure 4.25. Load exerted on a thin-film SWCNT structure as a function of the di...Figure 4.26. Finite element model of the indenter–film system. For a color versi...Figure 4.27. Results of testing and modeling the load of a thin-film SWCNT struc...Figure 4.28. Stress distribution of the film-substrate SWCNT system. For a color...Figure 4.29. Effects of different forms of indenter on the load–displacement cur...Figure 4.30. Effect of the thickness of the SWCNT structure on the load–displace...Figure 4.31. Effect of the Young modulus of the substrate on the load–displaceme...Figure 4.32. Load-displacement curves from testing and modeling. For a color ver...Figure 4.33. Experimental and simulated discharge curves. For a color version of...

List of Tables

1 Chapter 3Table 3.1. Action of the H gate on the states of a qubitTable 3.2. Action of the CNOT gate on a two-qubit registerTable 3.3. Action of the control phase gate CΦ on a two-qubit register

2 Chapter 4Table 4.1. RBDO results for a calculation before and after condensing the modelTable 4.2. DDO and RBDO resultsTable 4.3. RBDO results for a calculation before and after model condensationTable 4.4. Initial parametersTable 4.5. DDO results for a safety factor of 1.5Table 4.6. DDO results for a safety factor of 1.2Table 4.7. DDO results for a safety factor of 1.1Table 4.8. Comparison of the results obtained by the DDO method for the various ...Table 4.9. RBDO resultsTable 4.10. Results of the RBDO method for several limit statesTable 4.11. Values of the parameters used for numerical simulationsTable 4.12. Values of the parameters used in the genetic algorithmTable 4.13. Optimal values of PCB design variablesTable 4.14. Results Of finite element simulations