The Law of Nations. Emer de Vattel
Possessor’s right in doubtful cases,
338. How reparation of an injury is to be sought,
340. Various modes of punishing, without having recourse to arms,
343. What is required to render them lawful,
344. Upon what effects reprisals are made,
345. The state is bound to compensate those who suffer by reprisals,
346. The sovereign alone can order reprisals,
347. Reprisals against a nation for actions of her subjects, and in favour of the injured subjects,
348. but not in favour of foreigners,
349. Those who have given cause for reprisals are bound to indemnify those who suffer by them,
350. What may be deemed a refusal to do justice,
351. Subjects arrested by way of reprisals,
352. Our right against those who oppose reprisals,
353. Just reprisals do not afford a just cause for war,
354. How we ought to confine ourselves to reprisals, or at length proceed to hostilities, <xlii>
CHAPTER I Of War,—its different Kinds,—and the Right of making War.
4. It belongs only to the sovereign power,
5. Defensive and offensive war,
8. Obligation of the citizens or subjects,
9. Enlisting or raising of troops,
10. Whether there be any exemptions from carrying arms,
11. Soldiers’ pay and quarters,
14. Rule to be observed in their enlistment,
15. Enlisting in foreign countries,
19. Subordinate powers in war,
20. How their promises bind the sovereign,
21. In what cases their promises bind only themselves,
22. Their assumption of an authority which they do not possess,
23. How they bind their inferiors,
CHAPTER III Of the just Causes of War.
24. War never to be undertaken without very cogent reasons,
25. Justificatory reasons, and motives for making war,
26. What is in general a just cause of war,
29. Both justificatory reasons and proper motives requisite in undertaking a war,
30. Proper motives—vicious motives, <xliii>
31. War undertaken upon just grounds, but from vicious motives,
33. War undertaken merely for advantage,
34. Nations who make war without reason or apparent motives,
35. How defensive war is just or unjust,
36. How it may become just against an offensive war which was originally just,