Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Biocomposites. Группа авторов

Mechanical and Dynamic Properties of Biocomposites - Группа авторов


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Sisal 1.33–1.5 7–47 2.0–3.0 400–700 9–38 Seed Cotton 1.5–1.6 12–35 3.0–10.0 287–597 5.5–12.6 Fruit Coir 1.2 — 15.0–30.0 175–220 4–6 Oil palm EFB 0.7–1.55 19.1–25.0 2.5 248 3.2 Wood Softwood kraft pulp 1.5 33 4.4 1000 40 Cane/grass Bagasse 1.2 10–34 1.1 20–290 19.7–27.1 Bamboo 0.6–1.1 — — 140–230 11–17

      EFB and PALF denote empty‐fruit bunches and pineapple leaf fiber, respectively.

      1.2.1 Natural Fiber‐Reinforced Polymer Composites or Biocomposites

      Natural fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) composites or biocomposites are gaining widespread interest for many reasons. One such reason is the fact that they have shown a potential for replacement of synthetic fibers at a lower cost. They are also sustainable when compared with their synthetic counterparts [5].

      Natural fibers refer to fibers whose origins are natural, that is, they are sourced from plants and animals. These origins give rise to three fundamental natural fiber types, viz:

       Animal fibers: These contain proteins, such as keratin, fibroin, and collagen. Other classifications in this category are animal wool/hairs (angora wool, alpaca, camel, mohair, lamb's wool, bison, yak wool, cashmere, horse hair, goat hair, and qiviut, among others), keratin fiber (chicken and bird feathers), and silk fibers (spider silk, tussah silkmoths, mulberry silk cocoons).

       Plant fibers: These are often referred to as cellulosic or lignocellulosic fibers. They are classified in six categories:Seed/fruit fibers: Coir, coconut, loofah, cotton, oil palm, kapok, sponge gourd, milkweed hairs.Cane, grass, and reed fibers: Bamboo, corn, albardine, esparto, bagasse, sabai, papyrus, rape, canary.Bast or stem fibers: Blax, jute, okra, rattan, paper mulberry, hemp, kenaf, isora, urena, ramie, kudzu, roselle hemp, wisteria, mesta and nettle, among others.Wood fibers: Hardwood and softwood, among others.Leaf fibers: Caraua, pineapple, abaca, raphia, agave, caroa, banana, fique, piassava, cantala, sansevieria, phormium, Mauritius hemp, sisal, date palm, istle and henequen, to mention but a few.Stalk fibers: Derivable from barley stalk, rice stalk, maize stalk, wheat stalk, oat stalk as well as other crops. Table 1.2 shows the percentage weight (wt.%) of chemical compositions of the mostly used natural fibers.

       Mineral fibers: These fibers include fibrous brucite, asbestos group (amosite, chrysotile, anthophyllite, crocidolite, actinolite and tremolite) and wollastonite.

      Source: Faruk et al. [6]. © 2012, Elsevier.

Fiber Cellulose (wt.%) Hemicellulose (wt.%) Lignin (wt.%) Waxes (wt.%)
Abaca 56–63 20–25 7–9 3
Bagasse 55.2 16.8 25.3
Bamboo 26–43 30 21–31
Coir 32–43 0.15–0.25 40–45
Curaua 73.6 9.9 7.5
Flax 71 18.6–20.6 2.2 1.5
Hemp 68 15 10 0.8
Jute 61–71 14–20 12–13 0.5
Kenaf 72 20.3
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