Developmental Psychopathology. Группа авторов
a scale ranging from normal to abnormal.
Developmental psychopathology is the study of psychological or mental disorders (psychopathology) from a developmental or lifespan perspective.
Dichotomous refers to any two‐option choice (most often “yes” or “no”) that an individual or clinician could make about the presence of a symptom of psychopathology or the presence of a diagnosis, overall.
Differential diagnosis is the process of deciding between two or more diagnoses that share similar features.
Dimensional refers to an approach to classification of psychopathology that conceptualizes psychological phenomenon as existing on continuums, ranging from abnormal to normal, and typically avoids categorizing symptoms or disorders according to traditional methods.
Empirically supported refers to something (a measure, a classification system, or a psychological intervention) that has research‐based, scientific evidence in support of its validity.
Endophenotype refers to a measurable construct that, although not observable, links an individual’s genotype and phenotype.
Etiology refers to the cause of a symptom or a disorder.
Factor analysis is a form of statistical analysis that tries to explain the covariation of observable phenomenon by revealing underlying common factors.
Heterogeneous means diverse, dissimilar, or not the same.
Higher‐order factors refer to constructs or factors in a hierarchical statistical or classification model that are “above” other factors at a lower level.
Mechanisms refer to processes or characteristics that underlie or cause a psychological symptom.
Mental (psychological) disorders are characterized by behavioral patterns, and cognitive, emotional, and physical symptoms that deviate from a normative developmental trajectory and are not typical of individuals living in the same cultural context.
Norms are standardized comparison values for the interpretation of an individual’s results on some psychological measure, relative to other people of the same age, gender, etc.
Operationalize means to define what a phenomena, symptom, or construct is and how it should be measured.
Phenomena are characteristics, circumstances, facts, or events (e.g., a psychological symptom) observed through the senses.
Phenotype is a set of observable characteristics (e.g., a group of psychological symptoms).
Psychopathology is the study of mental disorders.
Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure, or the measurement of a symptom or diagnosis, in different instances or under different circumstances.
Self‐report questionnaire is a method of measuring psychological symptoms where individuals complete a survey about their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and experiences.
Structured interviews are interviews used by clinicians and researchers to diagnose a psychological disorder. These interviews consist of standard instructions, questions, and scoring procedures that must be administered in the same way every time to ensure reliability.
Syndrome is a cluster of symptoms and behaviors that often present together.
Taxonomy is an area of scientific study that aims to systematically classify objects, organisms, or phenomena.
Traits are characteristics of an individual that are relatively stable across time and context.
Transdiagnostic means that a specific symptom or cause of a symptom is not unique to one disorder category but cuts across multiple diagnoses.
Workgroup is a group of individuals with expertise in a given area, assigned to collaborate in order to propose updates for the next DSM.
References
1 Achenbach, T. M., Rescorla, L. A., & Maruish, M. E. (2004). The Achenbach system of empirically based assessment (ASEBA) for ages 1.5 to 18 years. The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (vol. 2, pp. 179–213). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, Associates.
2 American Psychiatric Association (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3 American Psychiatric Association (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
4 American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
5 American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: APA.
6 American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM‐5®). Washington, DC: APA.
7 Blashfield, R. K., Keeley, J. W., Flanagan, E. H., & Miles, S. R. (2014). The cycle of classification: DSM‐I through DSM‐5. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 25–51. doi: 10.1146/annurev‐clinpsy‐032813‐153639.
8 Clark, L. A., Watson, D., & Reynolds, S. (1995). Diagnosis and classification of psychopathology: Challenges to the current system and future directions. Annual Review of Psychology, 46(1), 121–153.
9 Frances, A. J., & Widiger, T. (2012). Psychiatric diagnosis: Lessons from the DSM‐IV past and cautions for the DSM‐5 future. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 109–130. doi: 10.1146/annurev‐clinpsy‐032511‐143102.
10 Franklin, J. C., Jamieson, J. P., Glenn, C. R., & Nock, M. K. (2015). How developmental psychopathology theory and research can inform the research domain criteria (RDoC) project. Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology, 44(2), 280–290. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2013.873981.
11 Hirsch, J. A., Nicola, G., McGinty, G., Liu, R. W., Barr, R. M., Chittle, M. D., & Manchikanti, L. (2016). ICD‐10: History and context. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 37(4), 596–599. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4696.
12 Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., & Wang, P. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748–751.
13 Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12‐month DSM‐IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 617–627.
14 Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Watson, D., Achenbach, T. M., Althoff, R. R., Bagby, R. M., Zimmerman, M. (2017). The hierarchical taxonomy of psychopathology (HiTOP): A dimensional alternative to traditional nosologies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 126(4), 454–477. doi: 10.1037/abn0000258.
15 Kozak, M. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH Research Domain Criteria Initiative: Background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 286–297. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12518.
16 Krueger, R. F., Kotov, R., Watson, D., Forbes, M. K., Eaton, N. R., Ruggero, C. J., & Zimmermann, J. (2018). Progress in achieving quantitative classification of psychopathology. World Psychiatry, 17, 282–293.
17 Lilienfeld, S. O., & Treadway, M. T. (2016). Clashing diagnostic approaches: DSM‐ICD versus RDoC. Annual Reviews on Clinical Psychology, 12, 435–463. doi: 10.1146/annurev‐clinpsy‐021815‐093122.
18 Moore, T. V. (1930). The empirical determination of certain syndromes