(ISC)2 CISSP Certified Information Systems Security Professional Official Study Guide. Mike Chapple
all of these chapters to have a complete perspective on the topics of this domain.
Personnel Security Policies and Procedures
Humans are often considered the weakest element in any security solution. No matter what physical or logical controls are deployed, humans can discover ways to avoid them, circumvent or subvert them, or disable them. Thus, it is important to take into account the humanity of your users when designing and deploying security solutions for your environment. To understand and apply security governance, you must address the weakest link in your security chain—namely, people.
However, people can also become a key security asset when they are properly trained and are motivated to protect not only themselves but the security of the organization as well. It is important to not treat personnel as a problem to be solved, but as people who can become valued partners in a security endeavor.
Issues, problems, and compromises related to humans occur at all stages of a security solution development. This is because humans are involved throughout the development, deployment, and ongoing management of any solution. Therefore, you must evaluate the effect users, designers, programmers, developers, managers, vendors, consultants, and implementers have on the process.
Job Descriptions and Responsibilities
Hiring new staff typically involves several distinct steps: creating a job description or position description, setting a classification for the job, screening employment candidates, and hiring and training someone best suited for the job. Without a job description, there is no consensus on what type of individual should be hired. Any job description for any position within an organization should address relevant security issues, such as whether the position requires the handling of sensitive material or access to classified information. In effect, the job description defines the roles to which an employee needs to be assigned to perform their work tasks. Job roles typically align to a rank or level of privilege, whereas job descriptions map to specifically assigned responsibilities and tasks.
Job responsibilities are the specific work tasks an employee is required to perform on a regular basis. Depending on their responsibilities, employees require access to various objects, resources, and services. Thus, a list of job responsibilities guides the assignment of access rights, permissions, and privileges. On a secured network, users must be granted access privileges for those elements related to their work tasks.
Job descriptions are not used exclusively for the hiring process; they should be maintained throughout the life of the organization. Only through detailed job descriptions can a comparison be made between what a person should be responsible for and what they actually are responsible for. Managers should audit privilege assignments to ensure that workers do not obtain access that is not strictly required for them to accomplish their work tasks.
Candidate Screening and Hiring
Employment candidate screening for a specific position is based on the sensitivity and classification defined by the job description. Thus, the thoroughness of the screening process should reflect the security of the position to be filled.
Employment candidate screening, background checks, reference checks, education verification, and security clearance validation are essential elements in proving that a candidate is adequate, qualified, and trustworthy for a secured position. Background checks include obtaining a candidate's work and educational history; checking references; verifying education; interviewing colleagues; checking police and government records for arrests or illegal activities; verifying identity through fingerprints, driver's license, and/or birth certificate; and holding a personal interview. Depending on the job position, this process could also include skill challenges, drug testing, credit checks, checking driving record, and personality testing/evaluation.
Performing online background checks and reviewing the social networking accounts of applicants has become standard practice for many organizations. If a potential employee has posted inappropriate materials online, then they are not as attractive a candidate as those who did not. A general picture of a person's attitude, intelligence, loyalty, common sense, diligence, honesty, respect, consistency, and adherence to social norms and/or corporate culture can be gleaned quickly by viewing a person's online identity. However, it is important to be fully aware of the legal restrictions against discrimination. Various countries have vastly different freedoms or limitations on background checks, especially criminal history research. Always confirm with the legal department before evaluating applicants for a job position.
During the initial applicant review process, the human resources (HR) staff are looking to confirm that a candidate is properly qualified for a job, but they are also on the lookout for issues that would disqualify the applicant.
Interviewing qualified applicants is the next filter to use to eliminate those who are not suited for the job or the organization. When conducting interviews, it is important to have a standardized interview process in order to treat each candidate fairly. Although some aspects of an interview are subjective and based on the interplay of personalities of the candidates and the interviewer, the decision whether or not to hire someone needs to be legally defensible.
Onboarding: Employment Agreements and Policies
Once a qualified but not-disqualified candidate is found and interviewed, they can be offered the job. If accepted, the new hire will need to be integrated into the organization. This process is known as onboarding.
Onboarding is the process of adding new employees to the organization, having them review and sign employment agreements and policies, be introduced to managers and coworkers, and be trained in employee operations and logistics. Onboarding can also include organizational socialization and orientation. This is the process by which new employees are trained in order to be properly prepared for performing their job responsibilities. It can include training, job skill acquisition, and behavioral adaptation in an effort to integrate employees efficiently into existing organizational culture, processes, and procedures. Well-designed onboarding can result in higher levels of job satisfaction, higher levels of productivity, faster integration with existing workers, a rise in organizational loyalty, stress reduction, and a decreased occurrence of resignation.
A new employee will be provided a computer/network user account. This is accomplished through the identity and access management (IAM) system of an organization, which will provision the account and assign necessary privileges and access. The onboarding process is also used when an employee's role or position changes or when that person is awarded additional levels of privilege or access.
To maintain security, access should be assigned according to the principle of least privilege. The principle of least privilege states that users should be granted the minimum amount of access necessary for them to complete their required work tasks or job responsibilities. True application of this principle requires low-level granular control over all resources and functions. Further discussion of least privilege is in Chapter 16, “Managing Security Operations.”
When a new employee is hired, they should sign an employment agreement. Such a document outlines the rules and restrictions of the organization, the security policy, details of the job description, violations and consequences, and the minimum or probationary length of time the position is to be filled by the employee. These items might be separate documents, such as an acceptable use policy (AUP). In such a case, the employment agreement is used to verify that the employment candidate has read and understood the associated documentation and signed their agreement to adhere to the necessary policies related to their prospective job position.