Biofuel Cells. Группа авторов
Figure 2.5 Photograph of the contact lens encapsulated enzymatic biofuel cell and testing setup (Adapted from Ref. [49], with permission; Copyright American Chemical Society, 2018).
2.2 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
BFCs which consist of two sub-categories (EFCs and MFCs), are one of the important alternative energy generation technologies of the last fifty years. However, EFCs have attracted more attention due to their miniaturization especially in recent years. This chapter focuses on implantable EFCs, wearable EFCs and their breakthrough applications.
As can be understand from recent researches, the main purpose is to produce implantable and wearable mini/micro medical or electronic devices that can generate their own energy by using the present physiological fluids (blood, sweat, tear etc.) in the human body. The idea of producing electrical energy from living things is the first step in the development of implantable EFC. In this context, EFC experiments have been performed on many animals, such as snail, cockroaches, lobsters and rats and some of them have been reported with demonstrations that it can be produce sufficient energy. Along with the ongoing studies, biocompatibility or rejection, biofouing and inflammation are among the issues to be resolved before it can be converted into a commercial product. Besides, one of the major disadvantage of implantable systems is the need for surgical intervention. Therefore, there is a trend towards the development of wearable electronic devices that will be easily adapted to the daily life without any training by the user [50]. There are many wearable EFCs (tattoo-, textile- and contact lens-based, etc.) in this field that generate electrical energy by using physiological fluids such as human sweat and tears as fuel, recently. While these prototypes are promising for the future of wearable EFC technology, it is still in infancy. The sufficient and stable power output, long duration, conformability and mechanical resiliency are among the issues to be resolved for wearable EFCs [39]. In addition, even though some challenges faced by EFCs have been overcome with novel materials and bioelectrode design, there are still roadblocks to need improve stability, sufficiently power density and control of EFC bioelectrode before the commercialization.
The promising implantable and wearable EFC techology requires interdisciplinary research efforts to overcome the challenges. It is expected that wearable and implantable devices powered by biofuel cells would be widely used to benefit people in the near future.
Acknowledgment
This work was financially supported by the Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University Research Fund under Grant [number: ZBEU-2019-39971044-02]. Special thanks to Mustafa Koray Uru for figure edits throughout this study.
References
1. Cosnier, S., Gross, A.J., Giroud, F., Holzinger, M., Beyond the hype surrounding biofuel cells: What’s the future of enzymatic fuel cells? Curr. Opin. Electrochem., 12, 148, 2018.
2. Meredith, M.T., Minteer, S.D., Biofuel cells: Enhanced enzymatic bioelectrocatalysis. Annu. Rev. Anal. Chem., 5, 157, 2012.
3. Kiran, V., Gaur, B., Microbial fuel cell: Technology for harvesting energy from biomass. Rev. Chem. Eng., 29, 189, 2013.
4. Chaturvedi, V., Verma, P., Microbial fuel cell: A green approach for the utilization of waste for the generation of bioelectricity. Bioresources and Bioprocessing, 3:38, 2016.
5. Santoro, C., Arbizzani, C., Erable, B., Ieropoulos, I., Microbial fuel cells: From fundamentals to applications, A review. J. Power Sources, 356, 225, 2017.
6. Chaudhuri, S.K., Lovley, D.R., Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells. Nat. Biotechnol., 21, 1229, 2003.
7. Kim, N., Choi, Y., Jung, S., Kim, S., Development of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Proteus vulgaris. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., 21, 44, 2000.
8. Kim, N., Choi, Y., Jung, S., Kim, S., Effect of initial carbon sources on the performance of microbial fuel cells containing Proteus vulgaris. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 70, 109, 2000.
9. Bond, D.R., Lovley, D.R., Evidence for involvement of an electron shuttle in electricity generation by Geothrix fermentans. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71, 2186, 2005.
10. Holmes, D.E., Bond, D.R., Lovley, D.R., Electron transfer by Desulfobulbus propionicus to Fe(III) and graphite electrodes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 1234, 2004.
11. Holmes, D.E., Bond, D.R., O’Neil, R.A., Reimers, C.E., Tender, L.R., Lovley, D.R., Microbial communities associated with electrodes harvesting electricity from a variety of aquatic sediments. Microb. Ecol., 48, 178, 2004.
12. Min, B., Logan, B.E., Continuous electricity generation from domestic wastewater and organic substrates in a flat plate microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38, 5809, 2004.
13. Kim, J.R., Jung, S.H., Regan, J.M., Logan, B.E., Electricity generation and microbial community analysis of alcohol powered microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technol., 98, 2568, 2007.
14. Rabaey, K., Van de Sompel, K., Maignien, L., Boon, N., Aelterman, P., Clauwaert, P., De Schamphelaire, L., Pham, H.T., Vermeulen, J., Verhaege, M., Lens, P., Verstraete, W., Microbial fuel cells for sulfide removal. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40, 5218, 2006.
15. Niessen, J., Schröder, U., Harnisch, F., Scholz, F., Gaining electricity from in situ oxidation of hydrogen produced by fermentative cellulose degradation. Lett. Appl. Microbiol, 41, 286, 2005.
16. Niessen, J., Harnisch, F., Rosenbaum, M., Schröder, U., Scholz, F., Heat treated soil as convenient and versatile source of bacterial communities for microbial electricity generation. Electrochem. Commun., 8, 869, 2006.
17. Rezaei, F., Richard, T.L., Brennan, R.A., Logan, B.E., Substrate-enhanced microbial fuel cells for improved remote power generation from sedimentbased systems. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 4053, 2007.
18. Zebda, A., Alcaraz, J.-P., Vadgama, P., Shleev, S., Minteer, S.D., Boucher, F., Cinquin, P., Martin, D.K., Challenges for successful implantation of biofuel cells. Bioelectrochemistry, 124, 57, 2018.
19. Chen, T., Barton, S.C., Binyamin, G., Gao, Z., Zhang, Y., Kim, H.-H., Heller, A., A miniature biofuel cell. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 8630, 2001.
20. Palmore, G.T.R., Bertschy, H., Bergens, S.H., Whitesides, G.M., A methanol/dioxygen biofuel cell that uses NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases as catalysts: Application of an electro-enzymatic method to regenerate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at low overpotentials. J. Electroanal. Chem., 443, 155, 1998.
21. Katz, E., MacVittie, K., Implanted biofuel cells operating in vivo—Methods, applications and perspectives—Feature article. Energy Environ. Sci., 6, 2791, 2013.
22. Mano, N., Mao, F., Heller, A., Characteristics of a miniature compartment-less glucose-O2 biofuel cell and İts operation in a living plant. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 125, 6588, 2003.
23. Andoralov, V., Falk, M., Suyatin, D.B., Granmo, M., Sotres, J., Ludwig, R., Popov, V.O., Schouenborg, J., Blum, Z., Shleev, S., Biofuel cell based on microscale nanostructured electrodes with inductive coupling to rat brain neurons. Sci. Rep., 3, 3270, 2013.
24. Kilic, M.S., Korkut, S., Hazer, B., Erhan, E., Development and operation of gold and cobalt oxide nanoparticles containing polypropylene based enzymatic fuel cell for renewable fuels. Biosens. Bioelectron, 61, 500, 2014.
25. Korkut, S., Kilic, M.S., Design of a mediated enzymatic fuel cell to generate power from renewable fuel sources. Environ. Technol., 37, 163, 2016.