Global Drought and Flood. Группа авторов

Global Drought and Flood - Группа авторов


Скачать книгу

      2.3.4. Evaporative Stress Index

      Spatial and temporal variations in instantaneous ET at the continental scale are primarily due to variability in moisture availability (antecedent precipitation), radiative forcing (cloud cover, sun angle), vegetation amount, and local atmospheric conditions such as air temperature, wind speed and vapor pressure deficit. Potential ET describes the evaporation rate expected when soil moisture is nonlimiting, ideally capturing response to all other forcing variables. To isolate effects due to spatially varying soil moisture availability, a simple ESI can be developed from model flux estimates, given by 1 minus the ET/PET ratio following the formulation of the CWSI (Crop Water Stress Index; Idso et al., 1981) and WDI (Water Deficit Index; Moran et al. 1994). Using the ALEXI model, we can derive evaporative stress indices associated with the canopy (ESI c), the soil surface (ESI s), and the combined plant–soil system (ESI):

      (2.24)equation

      (2.25)equation

      (2.26)equation

      where E C, E S, and E are the modeled actual ET fluxes (mm) from the canopy, soil and system, respectively, and PET C , PET S , PET are potential rates associated with these components (mm). These indices have a value of 0 when there is ample moisture/no stress, and a value of 1 when evapotranspiration has been cut off because of stress‐induced stomatal closure and/or complete drying of the soil surface (Anderson et al., 2007).

      2.4.1. Theoretical Description of ET and Drought Monitoring Product System

      Monitoring ET and the extent and severity of agricultural drought is an important component of food and water security and world crop market assessment. Currently, no spatially distributed land surface ET product is available routinely from satellite observations. The GOES thermal observation based ET product is in high demand by the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for validating Noah land surface model output and satellite based drought data product for monthly drought briefing. Moreover, ET/drought information is greatly needed in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (Foreign Agricultural Service/National Agricultural Statistics Service/Agricultural Research Service) for world crop forecasts and United States agricultural production monitoring. Since the GOES data are operationally available within NESDIS, generating ET and drought data products via the ALEXI model will meet the data needs by NCEP groups and other users. Under the circumstances, the GET‐D product system is designed to generate ET and drought maps operationally.

      The ALEXI model computes the principle surface energy fluxes, including ET, which is a critical boundary condition to weather and hydrologic modeling, and a quantity required for regional water resource management. The ALEXI model ET estimates have been rigorously evaluated in comparison with ground‐based data, and perform well over a range in climatic and vegetation conditions. Evapotranspiration deficits in comparison with PET rates provide proxy information regarding soil moisture availability. In regions of dense vegetation, ET probes moisture conditions in the plant root zone, down to meter depths. A simple ESI can be developed from the ALEXI model flux estimates. Anderson et al. (2007, 2011) have demonstrated that the ALEXI model ESI over the continental United States shows good correspondence with standard drought metrics and antecedent precipitation, but can be generated at significantly higher spatial resolution due to a limited reliance on ground observations. As a diagnostic indicator of actual ET, accounting for both precipitation and nonprecipitation related inputs to the plant‐available soil moisture pool (e.g., irrigation, shallow groundwater), the ESI is a measure of actual vegetation stress rather than potential for stress. Because precipitation is not used in construction of the ESI, this index provides an independent assessment of drought conditions and will have particular utility for real‐time monitoring in regions with sparse rainfall data or significant delays in meteorological reporting.

      2.4.2. GOES ET and Drought Product System Design

Schematic illustration of the GOES evapotranspiration and drought product (GET-D) system design: SM, soil moisture.

      Table 2.2 GET‐D system outputs

Variables Source Spatial domain Spatial resolution (km) Description
ET product with QC GET‐D North America 8 Daily ET map
ESI products with QC GET‐D North America 8 2,4,8, 12‐week composite drought map
Flux products with QC GET‐D North America 8 Daily sensible heat and soil heat flux map
Radiance products with QC GET‐D North America 8 Daily short wave down, long wave down, long wave up and net radiation map

      1 Meteorological forcing process (MFP) module preprocesses meteorological forcing data and resamples the required forcing variables to the ALEXI model domain.

      2 Satellite data sets process (SDP) module preprocesses satellite data including GOES LST, GSIP insolation, vegetation index, cloud mask, and snow mask and resamples the data sets to the ALEXI model domain.

      3 Ancillary datasets process (ADP) module preprocesses ancillary data sets including land cover, albedo, and satellite viewing angle.

      4 ALEXI module is the core of the GET‐D system that executes the ALEXI model and estimates flux and ET.

      5 Quality control flag (QCF) module generates pixel‐based quality control flags for


Скачать книгу